Biology 1002 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Taxonomy
answer
Branch of Biology that is concerned with naming classifying organisms
question
Carolus Linnaeus
answer
Modern taxonomy. Introduced the two part scientific name (Scientific bi nomenclature)
question
Two Part scientific name
answer
Genus species
question
Genus
answer
a group that includes a number of very closely related species
question
Species
answer
a genus that includes populations of organisms that can potentially interbreed naturally
question
Linnaean Classification System
answer
Eight taxonomic categories
question
Name the Linnaean Classifications
answer
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
question
Modern Classification
answer
emphasizes patterns of evolutionary descent as biologists realized that taxonomic categories should reflect evolutionary relatedness
question
The more ____ two organisms share the closer their __ relationship
answer
The more categories two organisms share the closer their evolutionary relationship
question
When humans evolved from apes T/F
answer
We have a common ancestor, T
question
Phylogeny
answer
Modern classification. Reconstructs evolutionary history.
question
Systematics
answer
Science of reconstructing phylogeny or evolutionary history.
question
What do systematists identify to show evolutionary relationships?
answer
Features; genetic, characteristics, appearance What defines life? *Function is the same.
question
What plays a key role in systematists?
answer
Anatomy
question
How does anatomy play a key role in systematists?
answer
They look at external and internal structures help identify evolutionary history
question
Homologous Structures
answer
Same structures and functions, common ancestor, split into different species
question
Molecular Similarities
answer
Systematists examine genetic similarities between DNA nucleotide sequences
question
How common is chimp DNA nucleotide sequence to humans?
answer
96%
question
Similarities in ____ can also be used to establish relationships between organisms
answer
chromosome structure
question
Before 1970, how were species divided?
answer
Anamalia and Plantae (including plants, bacteria, fungi, and photosynthetic eukaryotes)
question
Why was the two-domain approach an oversimplification?
answer
It didn't accurately reflect life's history
question
Describe the solution of the two domain system and who came to discover it
answer
The solution: Three domain system. Carl Woese discovered that prokaryotic organisms included two very distinct groups (Bacteria and Archaea)
question
Prokaryotic Characteristics
answer
No nucleus or nuclear envelope Genetic material in a nucleoid region No organelles or internal membrane
question
Eukaryotic Characteristics`
answer
Nucleus with an envelope Genetic material in the nucleus Contains cytoplasm with membrane bound organelles
question
Current three domain system
answer
Bacteria (p) Archaea (p) Eukarya (e) Animals Protists Fungi Plants
question
When did the three domains split?
answer
They split very early in life, long before animals and plants evolved
question
How many kingdoms are in the domain Eukarya?
answer
Four: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protists
question
When/How do classifications change?
answer
They change when new info is discovered. They are frequent changes at the species level. Rarely are there changes in the domain and kingdom level. Ex: African (Savannah and Forest) and Indian Elephant
question
Biodiversity
answer
Total number of species in an ecosystem Currently: 1.5 million most are animals. there is believed to be a high multitude of prokaryotes and protists that aren't discovered yet
question
How many species exist?
answer
7-10 million 7,000-10,000 are identified/yr
question
Where is the home to two thirds of the world's existing species, most of which have yet to be named?
answer
Tropical Rainforests
question
What was the purpose of the recently completed Human Genome Project?
answer
to determine the nucleotide sequence in human DNA
question
In the five-kingdom system, prokaryotes are placed in the kingdom _____.
answer
Monera
question
In the two-kingdom system, why were fungi classified in the kingdom Plantae?
answer
They are sedentary
question
When did the "tree of life" split into three parts, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
answer
before the appearance of plants, animals, and fungi
question
From a classification viewpoint, how are plants associated with animals?
answer
They both belong in the Domain Eukarya.
question
Why is it particularly difficult for the systematist to classify asexually reproducing organisms as a species?
answer
Asexually reproducing organisms do not interbreed.
question
HIV-1 has not always been found in humans, where could it have originated?
answer
in non-human primates
question
How can an understanding of the evolutionary origin of HIV help researchers devise better ways to treat and control the spread of AIDS?
answer
It may be possible to use an animal model, such as the chimpanzee, to study treatment and spread of the disease.
question
What were Earth's first organisms?
answer
Prokaryotes, single celled microbes that lacked organelles
question
What forms 2/3 of life's domains?
answer
Bacteria and Archaea (P)
question
What are Bacteria and Archaea's similarities?
answer
They are both prokaryotic, single celled organisms.
question
What are the structural differences between Bacteria and Archaea?
answer
They have different cell walls, plasma membrane composition, ribosomes, and RNA polymerases. There is also differences in transcription and translation processes.
question
What is a polysaccharide that strengthens the cell wall of bacteria and is not found in Archaea?
answer
Peptidoglyan
question
Prokaryotic Classification
answer
Shape, Means of Locomotion, Pigments, Nutrient requirements, colony appearance, gram staining characteristics, and nucleotide sequences.
question
Prokaryotic Shape and Structure
answer
They differ. Some are extremely small. They have three different shapes: spherical, rod like, and corkscrew.
question
Prokaryotic Locomotion
answer
Flagella: singly in pairs or scattered over the cell surface.
question
Bacteria Flagella
answer
Wheel and Axle: within cell wall and plasma membrane, rapid rotation.
question
Archael flagella
answer
Thinner and constructed from proteins
question
Bacteria forms ___ on surfaces
answer
Film, of carb/ protein slime
question
Biofilms
answer
Slime secreting bacteria, ex dental plague.
question
Bacteria embedded in biofilms...
answer
Protected from disenfectants and antibiotics. ex- plague physically removed.
question
Bacterial Endospores
answer
Protective endospores allow some bacteria to withstand adverse conditions. they are thickly wrapped particles of genetic material and few enzymes.
question
What can endospores endure?
answer
Boiling for an hour, being sealed within a rock for 250 million years. Practically, harsh conditions
question
What are prokaryotes' environment?
answer
High pressure, cold, high salt, acidic, alkaline, moderate, and hot
question
Describe prokaryotic metabolism
answer
Anaerobic/aerobic
question
Give an example of aerobic/anaerobic
answer
Both: E Coli Anaerobic: Tetanus
question
How do prokaryotes extract energy?
answer
organic compounds like carbs, fats, and proteins poisonous compounds to humans like methane, petroleum, benzene inorganic molecules, like hydrogen, sulfur, ammonia, and iron sunlight- cyanobacteria
question
How do they reproduce (Pro)?
answer
binary fission, occuring as fast as 20 minutes, and causes rapid spreading mutations and rapid evolution
question
What is conjugation?
answer
It is the exchange of genetic materials without reproduction, utilizing sex pili. It can ever occur with different species
question
How does conjugation occur?
answer
Circular DNA molecules called plasmids carry genes to the donor, through the sex pili (connect a cytoplasmic bridge)
question
How are the plasmids resistant to antibiotics?
answer
They contains alleles conferring mutations or evolutionary resistance
question
Can conjugations produce new genetic combinations?
answer
Yes
question
How are prokaryotes beneficial?
answer
They play important roles in animal nutrition, human nutrition, recyclers, and clean up pollution.
question
How do prokaryotes play a role in animal/human nutrition?
answer
Herbivores depend on them to break down cellulose in the cell walls of plants, many foods are produced by bacterial action, and they produce vitamins (vitamin K and b12)
question
How do prokaryotes recycle?
answer
CATABOLISM. They obtain energy from breaking waste products and the dead bodies of plants and animals into simpler molecules, which provides the basis for continued life on Earth.
question
How do prokaryotes clean up pollution?
answer
Nearly all human made susbstances are biodegradable by some sort of bacterial species, specifically oil in the case of the Exxon Valdez clean up.
question
How are prokaryotes harmful for health?
answer
Disease producing (pathogenic), anaerobic bacteria (poisons), common bacterial species can be harmful
question
Do pathogenic archaea exist?
answer
No, they have yet to be discovered.
question
Name harmful anaerobic bacteria
answer
Clostridium tentani: tetanis
question
How does clostridium tentani work?
answer
It enters through the body through a puncture wound and if its lodged deeply enough, it produces a paralyzing poison (lockjaw)
question
What can pathogenic bacteria cause?
answer
Bubonic plague, Staph, Meningitis, food poisoning, STDs, tuberculosis, and others
question
Describe Bubonic plague
answer
It is spread by rat fleas, and killed 100 million people in the 1300s, a third of the population
question
Tuberculosis
answer
caused by Pathogenic bacteria.
question
Ghonorrhea and syphilis
answer
STDs caused by pathogenic bacteria
question
Cholera
answer
Caused by pathogenic bacteria. It is water transmitted.
question
Name harmful common bacterial species
answer
Strep and E Coli
question
Describe Strep
answer
Caused by bacteria, and includes tooth decay, pneumonia, and flesh eating infection
question
Describe E Coli
answer
Caused by bacteria. It commonly inhabits the digestive system. Some are pathogenic. It is transmitted through infected cattle/ undercooked.
question
Define a virus
answer
It consists of a molecule of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein cote. They have no cells. They need a host to reproduce. Small. Variety of shapes.
question
Is a virus, viroid, or prion considered to be living?
answer
NO
question
Name different virus (diff shapes)
answer
Rabies virus, bacteriophage, tobacco mosaic virus, and influenza
question
Whats the function of the virus protein coat?
answer
It enables entry into a host cell
question
How does our immune system respond to viruses?
answer
Destroys it immediately. When you get sick, its the virus your immune system wasn't able to destroy.
question
T/F: Each viral type is specialized to attack specific host cells, and is only capable of invading the host cells it is specific for
answer
True. For example, bacteria are infected by bacteriophage viruses. A good virus attacks a bacteria. HIV binds with cell receptors.
question
Describe bacteriophages
answer
They are a type of virus, specified to attack bacteria. It can be used to treat bacterial diseases. (Hand santitizer). However, it makes it less effective.
question
Describe the specified virus types that attack human cells
answer
Cold (Respiratory), rabies (Nerve), herpes ( Genitals, mouth)
question
HIV (Human Deficiency Syndrome)
answer
It is virus, which attacks a specific white blood cell type. It causes AIDS
question
Cervical Cancer
answer
10% of women. HPV remains in the cells of the cervix and increases the chance of cancer.
question
HPV
answer
90-98% causes cervical cancers. Factors also increase the risk of cervical cancer: age, smoking, and lowered immunity. Vaccine: gardasil, not a cure.
question
Hep B and C
answer
Cause liver infections, viral infections. It is spread through unprotected sexual contact or exchange of blood.
question
Why do viruses have high mutation rates?
answer
They lack the mechanisms to correct errors. They cause resistance to an antiviral drug, and these render drugs ineffective.
question
Define a viroid
answer
They are some infectious agents that are even simpler than viruses. They are simple infectious particles with short RNA strands. They enter a host cell nucleus and direct new viroid synthesis.
question
Define a prion
answer
It is a misfolded, infected protein.
question
Kuru
answer
Prion. Degenerative disease in New Guinea. Transmitted by ritual cannibalism of the dead, affected the nervous system
question
Other degenerative diseases (Prions)
answer
Kuru, CJD, Scrapie, Mad Cow/ BSE, etc.
question
Stanley Prusiner
answer
1982, demonstrated that diseases were caused by an infectious protein particle devoid of any nucleic acids. They are heritable and transmitted.
question
How are prions inherited?
answer
Point mutations, may be linked to Alzheimers and Parkinsons
question
How are prions destroyed?
answer
Clorox Bleach. Normal proteins would unfold and denature. Nothing else works, they are trying to find stem cell research for replacing the dead neurons.
question
How much does bacteria replicate in one hour?
answer
Binary Fission, 20 mins/ 6x
question
What are protists?
answer
any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. Most protists are microscopic in size Some are large aggregations or colonies of single-celled individuals; others are multicellular organisms
question
How do protists obtain nutrition?
answer
Ingestion, Absorption, and Photosynthesis
question
Protists (Ingestion)
answer
Predators, using the extensions of the cell membrane called psuedopods to surround and engulf prey.
question
Protists (Absorb)
answer
They absorb directly from the environment. They have two types, either free living types in the soil that decompose organic matter or parasites that live inside the bodies of a host organism.
question
Photosynthetic protists
answer
Oceans, lakes, ponds. ALGAE
question
What is algae?
answer
ALL photosynthethic protists
question
What are protozoa?
answer
Non photosynthethic protists
question
How do protists reproduce?
answer
Asexually: Mitotic cell division Sexually: genetically diverse
question
How do protists affect humans/ organisms?
answer
The ecological role of algae is positive; they capture solar energy and make it available to other organisms in the ecosystem, and also release oxygen gas into the water, allowing fish to breathe
question
What are protists' negative impact?
answer
They cause deadly diseases, destroy crops, and release toxins that can accumulate to harmful levels in coastal areas
question
What are the major groups of protozoans?
answer
Excavates, Euglenozoans, Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians, Amoebozoans. Red and Green Algae..
question
Define Excavates
answer
They are protozoan group. They have a feeding groove and lack mitochondria.
question
Giardia
answer
Excavate: gastrointestinal diseases
question
Euglenozoans
answer
Distinctive mitchondria. Live mostly in freshwater and swim with a flagella.
question
Euglena
answer
Euglenozoan. Contains a photoreceptor that detects the direction of light and allows the organism to move towards light to perform photosynthesis.
question
Stramenopiles
answer
Includes photo and non photosynthetic organisms. All have thin, hair like flagella. Can be unicellular or multicellular. Includes mold, diatoms, and brown algae
question
Alveolates
answer
Parasites, predators, and phytoplankton. Single celled. Can caused red tide/malaria.
question
Rhizarians
answer
foraminiferans and radiolarians. Pseudopods are think and threadlike +shells. Foraminiferans: chalky shells. Radiolarians: shells, silica.
question
Amoebozoans
answer
Inhabit aquatic and terrestrial environments, feed and move by pseudopods. Predatory/ Parasitic. Some causes dysentery.
question
Red Algae
answer
Clear tropical oceans. Multicellular, photosynthetic seaweeds. Pigments range from red to black, where they absorb the deeply penetrating blue green light and transfer this light energy to chlorophyll.
question
Green Algae
answer
Ponds and lakes, photosynthetic, multicellular and unicellular.
question
Whats the process of alternations of generations?
answer
A diploid generation alternates with a haploid generations
question
Sporophyte
answer
A diploid sporophyte plant produces haploid spores through meiosis
question
Gemetophyte
answer
After the sporophyte plant produces haploid spores by meiosis, mitosis occurs. The spores divide into haploid gametophyte plants.
question
End result of alternation of generation
answer
Haploid gametophyes produces haploid male and female gametes through mitosis. the gametes fuse and form diploid zygotes
question
How do plants play a crucial ecological role?
answer
Plants capture energy that other organisms use, through photosynthesis, plans build soil, prevent erosion and flooding, plants help keep ecosystems moist and help maintain the atmosphere by the release of oxygen.
question
Where do plants originate from?
answer
green algae, called stonewarts. They have similar DNA and use the same type of chlorophyll and accessory pigments in photosynthesis. BOth use starch and have cellulose in cell walls.
question
Did land help plants?
answer
It gave them direct access to sunlight, access to nutrient rich soil
