question

Ch 1

answer

The nature of art

question

Cathedra

answer

Barnett Newman, 1951, Oil on canvas

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art forms

answer

An activity or a piece of artistic work that can be regarded as a medium of artistic expression. Music, dance, theater, literature, and the visual arts.

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visual arts

answer

drawing, painting, sculpture, film, architecture and design

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work of art

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The visual expression of an idea or experience formed with skill through the use of a medium.

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medium, media

answer

A particular material along with its accompanying technique; a specific type of artistic technique or means of expression determined by the use of particular materials.

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mixed media

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art made with a combination of different materials

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the arts

answer

music, dance, theater, literature and visual arts

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Wheel of Time

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Tibetan sand Mandala, 1997

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collage

answer

Technique of pasting cut-out or found elements into the space of the canvas.

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mandala

answer

"Sacred circle": Buddhist diagram of the cosmos; sand painting; represents the impermanence of life

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The tree of Jesse

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west facade, 1150

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reasons for art

answer

Day to Day, worship and ritual, personal expression, social causes, visual delight,

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art

answer

the expression of application of creative skill and imagination

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Romare Bearden

answer

African American artist, used collages to show expression, intrest of jazz and communication

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Dwelling

answer

Yong Soon Min, 1994, Mixed Media

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Rocket to the Moon

answer

Romare Bearden, 1971, Collage on board

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Heartland

answer

Miriam Schapiro, 1985, Fabric and Acrylic

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Utilitarian

answer

art that improves quality or surroundings

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Rembrandt

answer

painted numerous self portraits

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Entertainment

answer

arts function in middle ages

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Ch 2

answer

Awareness, Creativity, and Communication

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visualize

answer

to use imagination and visual memory to preview events or plans before they occur

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Weston

answer

used a time exposure of over two hours for his photograph of Pepper #30

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beauty

answer

often based on culturally accepted standards

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content & form

answer

what we interpret; what we see

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Rodia

answer

Italian tile setter who built the Watts Towers out of cast off materials

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Ugliness

answer

Leonardo da Vinci's variation of beauty as seen in his drawing Man Tricked by Gypsies

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Georgia O'Keeffe

answer

American modern artists, know for paintings of flowers influenced by Japanese artists

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perception

answer

To become aware through the senses, particularly through sight or hearing.

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aesthetics

answer

The study and philosophy of the quality and nature of sensory responses related to, but not limited by, the concept of beauty. Within the art context: The philosophy of art focusing on questions regarding what are is, how it is evaluated, the concept of beauty, and the relationship between the idea of beauty and the concept of art.

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creativity

answer

Ability to see (or to be aware) and to respond.

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subject

answer

Objects depicted in representational art.

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form

answer

In the broadest sense, the total physical characteristics of an object, event, or situation.

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folk art

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Art of people who have had no formal, academic training, but whose works are part of an established tradition of style and craftsmanship.

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representational

answer

Art in which it is the artist's intention to present again or represent a particular subject; especially pertaining to realistic portrayal of subject matter.

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content

answer

Meaning or message contained and communicated by a work of art, including its emotional, intellectual, symbolic, thematic, and narrative connotations.

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Tukutuku

answer

Tukutuku panels are a traditional Māori art form. They are decorative wall panels that were once part of the traditional wall construction used inside meeting houses. (nonrepresentational art from New Zealand)

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trompe l'oeil

answer

French for "fool the eye." A two-dimensional representation that is so naturalistic that it looks actual or real (or three-dimensional).

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abstract

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Art that departs significantly from natural appearances. Forms are modified or changed to varying degrees in order to emphasize certain qualities or content. Recognizable references to original appearances may be very slight. The term is also used to describe art that is nonrepresentational.

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nonrepresentational

answer

Art without reference to anything outside itself -- without representation. Also called nonobjective -- without recognizable objects.

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visual metaphor

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The representation of a person, place, thing, or idea by way of a visual image that suggests a particular association or point of similarity. Elliot Ervitt's Florida (water pipe is metaphor for the bird with its curved neck and thin legs)

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iconography

answer

The symbolic meanings of subjects and signs used to convey ideas important to particular cultures or religions, and the conventions governing the use of such forms.

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Ch 3

answer

Visual Elements

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The elements of art

answer

line, shape, mass, space, time, motion, light, color, texture

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additive

answer

Colors that are made from mixtures of light

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chiaroscuro

answer

Italian "light-dark". The gradation of light and dark values in two-dimensional imagery; especially the illusion of rounded, three-dimensional form created through gradations of light and shade rather than line.

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compliments

answer

Opposites on the color wheel are called

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texture

answer

The surface/tactile quality of a work

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Pointillism

answer

Painter Georges Seurat developed the painting technique using small dots of color

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monochromatic

answer

Works of art that use variations of one hue are referred to as:

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purity

answer

The saturation of a color is its

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plane

answer

two dimensional picture surface

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lines

answer

paths of action

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biomorphic shape

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shapes based on natural forms

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figure/positive shapes

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subject or dominant shapes

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ground/negative shapes

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background areas in picture plane

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mass/form

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the physical bulk of a solid body of material

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Water and Sky

answer

Escher, 1938 figure ground reversal

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space

answer

indefinable general receptacle of all things

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spatial

answer

organized in space

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temporal

answer

organized in time

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overlap

answer

most basic way to achieve the effect of depth on a flat surface

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perspective

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point of view or any means of representing three dimensional objects in space on a two dimensional surface

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vantage/viewpoint

answer

single fixed position

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atmospheric/aerial perspective

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nonlinear means for giving an illusion of depth

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isometric perspective

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system for suggesting depth where parallel lines remain parallel

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Line

answer

paths of action; indicate directions, define boundaries of shapes and spaces, imply volumes or solid masses, and suggest motion or emotion.

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Cross-hatching

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use of fine parallel lines drawn closely together at right angles, to create the illusion of shade or texture in a drawing

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Implied line

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A line in a composition that is not actually drawn. It may be a sight line of a figure in a composition, or a line along which two shapes align with each other.

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Shape

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A two-dimensional or implied two-dimensional area defined by line or changes in value and/or color. or within the outer boundaries of a three dimensional object

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Geometric shape

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precise and regular shape; circles, triangles, squares

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Organic shape

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An irregular, non-geometric shape. A shape that resembles any living matter. Most organic shapes are not drawn with a ruler or a compass.

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Picture plane

answer

The two-dimensional picture surface.

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Positive or figure shape

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A figure or foreground shape, as opposed to a negative ground or background shape.

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Negative or ground shape

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A background or ground shape seen in relation to foreground or figure shape(s).

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Figure-ground reversal

answer

as the eye shifts across the work, the positive (figure) and negative (background) spaces reverse. The phenomenon when positive and negative space change places - as seen in Escher's Sky and Water I painting

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Mass

answer

Three-dimensional form having physical bulk. Also, the illusion of such a form on a two-dimensional surface.

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Value or tone

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relative lightness or darkness from white through gray to black. Pure hues vary in value.

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Volume

answer

1. Space enclosed or filled by a three-dimensional object or figure. 2. The implied space filled by a painted or drawn object or figure. Synonym: mass.

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Closed form

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A self-contained or explicitly limited form; having a resolved balance of tensions, a sense of calm completeness implying a totality within itself.

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Open form

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interacts with the space around it; A form whose contour is irregular or broken, having a sense of growth, change, or unresolved tension; form in a state of becoming.

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Diminishing size

answer

decreasing size of objects to imply increases distance. smaller objects appear farther away.

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Vertical placement

answer

A method for suggesting the third dimension of depth in a two-dimensional work by placing an object above another in the composition. The object above seems farther away than the one below.

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linear perspective

answer

A system for creating an illusion of depth on a two-dimensional surface based on the fact that parallel lines or edges appear to converge and objects appear smaller as the distance between them and the viewer increases.

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Vanishing point or viewpoint

answer

With the linear perspective system, an entire picture can be constructed from this single, fixed position. place where land and sky appear to meet

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One-point perspective

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All major receding "lines" of the subject are parallel, but visually appear to converge at a single vanishing point on the horizon line.

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Two-point perspective

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Two sets of parallel lines appear to converge at two points on the horizon line.

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Atmospheric or aerial perspective

answer

A system for creating an illusion of depth on a two-dimensional surface that creates the illusion of distance by reducing color saturation, value contrast, and detail in order to imply the hazy effect of atmosphere between the viewer and distant objects. Also known as aerial perspective.

question

isometric

answer

perspective parallel lines remain parallel, they do not converge as they recede

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value

answer

refers to the relative lightness and darkness of surfaces

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local/object color

answer

color that appears to our eyes as that of the object

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achromatic

answer

without the property of hue

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neutrals

answer

white, black and gray

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hue

answer

particular wavelength of spectral color

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shade

answer

black added to a hue

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tint

answer

white added to hue

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intensity/saturation

answer

refers to the purity of a hue or color

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subtractive color mixtures

answer

pigment mixtures

question

pigment primaries

answer

re yellow blue

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light primaries

answer

red-orange, green, and blue-violet

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subtractive

answer

Colors that are made from mixtures of pigments

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intermediate

answer

colors are achieved by mixing a primary color with an adjacent secondary color.

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Ch 4

answer

Principles of Design

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Principles of Design

answer

Unity/Variety; Balance; Emphasis/Subordination; Directional Forces; Contrast; Repetition/Rhythm; Scale/Proportion

question

repetition

answer

gives a composition unity, continuity, flow and emphasis

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balance

answer

is achievement of equilibrium, in which acting influences are held in check by opposing forces

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radial balance

answer

often in natures, centered around central axis

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composition

answer

The combining of parts or elements to form a whole; the structure, organization, or total form of a work of art.

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design

answer

The process of organizing visual elements and the product of that process.

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unity

answer

The appearance of similarity, consistency, or oneness. Interrelational factors that cause various elements to appear as part of a single complete form.

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variety

answer

Opposite of unity, counters unity; provides diversity.

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symmetrical balance

answer

A design (or composition) with identical or nearly identical form on opposite sides of a dividing line or central axis.

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asymmetrical balance

answer

Balance provided by various elements according to their size and meaning; balance is around a felt or implied center of gravity.

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emphasis

answer

used to draw attention to an area or areas; position, contrast, color intensity, and size can be used to create emphasis.

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focal point

answer

the area or areas of emphasis.

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subordination

answer

neutral areas of lesser interest that keep the viewer from being distracted from the area or areas of emphasis.

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contrast

answer

the juxtaposition of dissimilar elements: dark against light; large against small; bright colors against dull; geometric against organic; hard (sharp) edges against soft (blurred).

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rhythm

answer

The regular or ordered repetition of dominant and subordinate elements or units within a design.

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scale

answer

The size or apparent size of an object seen in relation to other objects, people, or its environment or format. Also used to refer to the quality or monumentality found in some objects regardless of their size.

question

proportion

answer

The size relationship of parts to a whole and to one another.

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format

answer

The shape or proportions of a picture plane.

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hierarchical scale

answer

the use of unnatural proportions to show relative importance of figures.

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Henri Matisse

answer

French artist in late 1800's associated with fauve movement

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Ch 5

answer

Evaluating Art

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subjective

answer

Evaluation of art is always subjective

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Chinese

answer

judged art to be good if it successfully communicated the inner spirit.

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personal value

answer

orientations lead us to make judgments about the works of art we encounter.

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formal theories

answer

focus attention on the composition of the work and how it may have been influenced by earlier works.

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inspiration

answer

The word museum comes from the Greek mouseion, "place of the muses." Inferring the power of

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Tyler Green

answer

"Museum ethics have become a joke."

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"good art"

answer

changes with mature, develop critical skills, develop an aesthetic awareness

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Art Criticism

answer

The process of using formal analysis, description, and interpretation to evaluate or explain the quality and meanings of art. Refers to making discriminating judgments both favorable and unfavorable

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Museum

answer

A place dedicated to collecting, caring for, studying, and displaying objects of lasting value and interest.

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Formal Theories

answer

Theories which focus attention on the composition of the work and how it may have been influenced by earlier works.

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Sociocultural Theories

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Theories based on environmental influences such as the economic system, cultural values, and the politics of the time.

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Expressive Theories

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Theories which focus on the artist's attempt to express a personality or worldview.

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Ch 6

answer

Drawing

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drawing

answer

the act of pushing or pulling a tool to make a mark or line

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receptive drawing

answer

attempt to capture the physical appearance

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projective drawing

answer

drawings that come from memory, imagination or visions

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blind contour

answer

A contour exercise in which the artist never looks at the paper

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cartoon

answer

Full-scale preparatory drawing for a fresco or mural.

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graphic novel

answer

A novel whose narrative is related through a combination of text and art, often in comic-strip form Example: Persepolis

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pencil (graphite)

answer

a thin cylindrical pointed writing implement

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hatching

answer

shading consisting of multiple crossing lines

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cross hatching

answer

cross directional lines that create depth of form

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ink

answer

black and colors, a liquid used for printing or writing or drawing

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conte crayon

answer

organic drawing material, made from earth-clays, difficult to erase, likes to be blended and smudged

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cross-hatching

answer

a technique used in drawing and linear forms of printmaking, in which one set of hatchings are drawn over another in a different direction so that the lines cross.

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tooth

answer

the surface grain of paper.

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fixative

answer

A thin varnish sprayed over a completed charcoal drawing to help bind the charcoal to the paper.

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wash

answer

transparent layer of paint or ink; ink and waters to create dark to light values

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sketch

answer

a simply, preliminary drawing

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Observation Drawing

answer

drawing by direct observation of the object; very detailed

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Purpose of Drawing

answer

1. to make a notation, sketch or record; 2. to make a study for larger, more complex works; 3. to make a complete work of art

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Dry Media

answer

Graphite / Pencil; Metal Point; Crayon, Pastel, Chalk

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Liquid Media

answer

(also called wet media); Pen & Ink; Brush & Ink

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Calligraphic or Gestural Line

answer

Line that varies from thick to thin

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Ch 7

answer

Painting

question

pigment

answer

dry coloring matter (especially an insoluble powder to be mixed with a liquid to produce paint etc)

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medium

answer

a liquid with which pigment is mixed by a painter

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glaze

answer

coating for fabrics, ceramics, metal, etc.

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impasto

answer

the technique of applying paint so thickly that brush or knife strokes can be seen; has visible texture

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tempera

answer

egg yolk binder, vehicle water, quick dry, colors change very fine lines/details, fabrics

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oil

answer

slow dry, vegetable oil binder, on canvas or linen; Pigment; Binder (linseed Oil); Vehicle (turpentine)

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acrylic

answer

modern synthetic, water is vehicle and binder; Tough, flexible; fast drying; can mimic any other paints

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dry fresco or fresco secco

answer

repainted true fresco or dry

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Watercolor

answer

paint that uses water-soluble gum as the binder and water as the vehicle. Characterized by transparency. Also, the result of painting. Free flowing; loose; challenging: unforgiving, dries fast; Pigment (no white: white is paper); Binder (gum Arabic); Vehicle (water)

question

Gouache

answer

An opaque, water-soluble paint. Watercolor to which opaque white has been added.

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Encaustic

answer

waxy substance used to protect areas of paper from watercolor; removed later to leave white area.

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Fresco buon and secco

answer

Painting technique in which pigments suspended in water are applied to a damp lime-plaster surface. The pigments dry to become part of the plaster wall or surface. Sometimes called true fresco or buon fresco to distinguish it from painting over dry plaster (fresco secco).

question

Binder

answer

The material used in paint that causes pigment particles to adhere to one another and to the support, for example, linseed oil or acrylic polymer.

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Vehicle

answer

Liquid emulsion used as a carrier or spreading agent in paints

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Airbrush

answer

small paint sprayer that produces a fine, controlled mist of paint. produces even application without brush strokes.

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Direct painting and impasto

answer

executing a painting in one sitting, applying wet over wet colors.

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Paint

answer

Combination of: Pigment (color); Binder (holds pigment particles together); Vehicle (spreads the paint; hold pigment and binder)

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Fresco

answer

Wet: Pigment; Binder (wet plaster); Vehicle (water)

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Ch 8

answer

Printmaking

question

edition

answer

all of the identical copies of something offered to the public at the same time

question

two ways printmaking differs from other art forms

answer

artist creates the surface that makes the art work, multiples of the art work are created

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silkscreen

answer

ink forced through stencils on silk stretched across a frame

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Prints vs. Mass Production

answer

1. Limited quantity; 2. Artist oversees each print; 3. Prints numbered & signed (pencil); artist copies marked "ap"

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Artist's proof

answer

prints made for the artist's record or personal use ("ap")

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Relief

answer

In a relief process, the printmaker cuts away all parts of the printing surface not meant to carry ink, leaving the design "in relief" at the level of the surface.

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Original print

answer

a print done by an artist or under his or her direct supervision. NOT a reproduction.

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Etching

answer

an intaglio printmaking process in which a metal plate is first coated with acid-resistant wax, then scratched to expose the metal to the bite of nitric acid where lines are desired. Also, the resulting print.

question

Woodcut

answer

a type of relief print made from an image that is left raised on a block of wood.

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Linocut

answer

A relief process in printmaking, in which an artist cuts away negative spaces from a block of linoleum, leaving raised areas to take ink for printing.

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Limited edition

answer

Only a small number of prints are made, after which the plate is destroyed

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Engraving

answer

an intaglio process in which grooves are cut into a metal or wood surface with a sharp cutting tool called a burin or graver. Also, the resulting print.

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Drypoint

answer

an intaglio printmaking process in which lines are scratched directly into a metal plate with a steel needle. Also the resulting print.

question

Lithography

answer

a planographic printmaking technique based on the antipathy of oil and water. The image is drawn with a grease crayon or painted with tusche on a stone or grained aluminum plate. The surface is then chemically treated and dampened so that it will accept ink only where the crayon or tusche has been used.

question

Screenprinting

answer

a printmaking technique in which stencils are applied to fabric stretched across a frame. Paint or ink is forced with a squeegee through the unblocked portions of the screen onto paper or other surface beneath. Easiest; stencil applied with fabric stretched over frame; Not a reverse image

question

Intaglio

answer

any printmaking technique in which lines and areas to be linked and transferred to paper are recessed below the surface on the printing plate. Etching, engraving, drypoint, and aquatint are all intaglio processes.

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Ch 9

answer

Camera Arts and Digital Imaging

question

photography

answer

Literally "light writing"; "light drawing". The process of producing images of objects on photosensitive surfaces.

question

camera obscura

answer

A dark Room (or box) with a small hole in one side, through wich an inverted image of the view outside is projected onto the opposite wall, screen or mirror. The image is then traced.

question

negative

answer

photographic process resulting in a reverse (negative) image from which a positive photograph can be made.

question

photo essay

answer

a set or series of photographs that are intended to tell a story or evoke a series of emotions in the viewer.

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photojournalism

answer

journalism that presents a story primarily through the use of pictures

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photomontage

answer

The process of combining parts of various photographs in one photograph.

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film

answer

photographic material consisting of a base of celluloid covered with a photographic emulsion; used to make negatives or transparencies

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color photography

answer

Color photography is photography that uses media capable of representing colors which are produced chemically during the photographic processing phase. It is contrasted with black-and-white photography, which uses media capable only of showing shades of gray.

question

daguerreotype

answer

An early photographic process developed by Louis Daguerre in the 1830s, which required a treated metal plate. This plate was exposed to light, and the chemical reactions on the plate created the first satisfactory photographs.

question

persistence of vision

answer

An optical illusion that makes cinema possible. The eye and mind tend to hold seen images for a fraction of a second after they disappear from view. Quick projection of slightly differing images creates the illusion of movement.

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first photograph of a person

answer

louis Dauerre, Le Boulevard duTemple

question

documented social issues

answer

Lewis Hine, Coal breakers, Pennsylvania

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Ch 10

answer

Graphic Design

question

storyboard

answer

graphic organizers such as a series of illustrations or images displayed in sequence for the purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture, animation, motion graphic or interactive media sequence, including website interactivity.

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graphic design

answer

The process of working with words and pictures to create solutions to problems of visual communication.

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logo

answer

Short for "logotype". Sign, name or trademark of an institution, a firm or a publication, consisting of letter forms, borne on one printing plate or piece of type.

question

symbol

answer

A graphic design (identifying mark) based on pictoral (rather than typographic) sources. A form or image implying or representing something beyond its obvious and immediate meaning.

question

typography

answer

The art and technique of composing printed materials from type.

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typeface

answer

a typeface is a set of one or more fonts, in one or more sizes, designed with stylistic unity, each comprising a coordinated set of glyphs.

question

font

answer

The name given to a style of type.

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illustration

answer

An illustration is a visualization such as a drawing, painting, photograph or other work of art that stresses subject more than form. Used with symbols, type, and color to produce a visual composition to attract, inform, and persuade a given audience.

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letter form

answer

The shape of an individual letter; The design and development of such shapes.

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Ch 11

answer

Sculpture

question

in-the-round aka freestanding sculpture

answer

Sculpture which is meant to be seen from all sides.

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low-relief aka bas-relief

answer

Sculpture in which three-dimensional forms project from the flat background of which they are a part. The degree of projection from the surrounding surface is slight.

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high-relief

answer

Sculpture in which more than half of the natural circumference of the modeled forms project from the flat background of which they are a part.

question

modeling

answer

A manipulative and often additive process. Working pliable material such as clay or wax into 3-D forms.

question

manipulative/additive

answer

modeling that uses pliable materials such as clay, wax or plaster

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armature

answer

n. something that supports a sculpture

question

additive

answer

Sculptural form produced by adding, combining, or building up material from core or armature. Modeling in clay and welding steel are additive processes.

question

casting mold

answer

A substitution or replacement process that involves pouring liquid material such as molten metal, clay, wax, or plaster into a mold. When the liquid hardens, the mold is removed, and a form in the shape of the mold is left. Mold is also called a pattern.

question

carving

answer

A subtractive process in which a sculpture is formed by removing material from a block or mass of wood, stone, or other material, with the use of sharpened tools.

question

assembling

answer

Sculpture creating by joining materials (often using welding) as opposed to modeling, carving, and casting. Assemblage: Sculpture using preexisting, sometimes "found" objects that may or may not contribute their original identities to the total content of the work.

question

constructions sculpture

answer

Sculpture creating by joining materials (often using welding) as opposed to modeling, carving, and casting.

question

kinetic sculpture

answer

A type of sculpture that incorporates actual movement as part of the design.

question

Alexander Calder

answer

first to explore kinetic sculpture

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mobile sculpture

answer

A type of sculpture in which parts move, often activated by air currents.

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installation

answer

A type of art medium in which the artist arranges objects or artworks in a room, thinking of the entire space as the medium to be manipulated. Also called environments.

question

site-specific

answer

Site-specific art is created to exist in a certain place. Typically, the artist takes the location into account while planning and creating the artwork.

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Ch 12

answer

Clay, Glass, Metal, Wood, Fiber

question

potter

answer

a craftsman who shapes pottery on a potter's wheel and bakes them it a kiln

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ceramics

answer

clay hardened into a relatively permanent material by firing.

question

ceramist

answer

a craftsman who shapes pottery on a potter's wheel and bakes them it a kiln

question

firing

answer

the process of increasing the temperature in a kiln until desired temperature is reached, effecting a chemical change in the clay body

question

kiln

answer

a large oven for firing or burning or drying such things as porcelain or bricks

question

glaze

answer

a vitreous or glassy coating applied to seal and decorate surfaces. Glaze may be colored, transparent, or opaque.

question

earthenware

answer

ceramic ware made of porous clay fired at low heat (1100-1150C)

question

stoneware

answer

ceramic ware that is fired in high heat and vitrified and nonporous (1200-1300C)

question

porcelain

answer

ceramic ware made of a more or less translucent ceramic (1350-1500C)

question

throwing

answer

forming objects on the potter's wheel using a clay body with plastic qualities.

question

slip

answer

potter's clay that is thinned and used for coating or decorating ceramics

question

glass

answer

brittle transparent solid that's nearly 4000 years old

question

warp

answer

yarn arranged lengthways on a loom and crossed by the woof

question

weft

answer

the yarn woven horizontally across the warp yarn in weaving (aka Woof)

question

Loom

answer

A device for producing cloth by interweaving fibers at right angles

question

Ch 13

answer

Architecture

question

key concepts of architecture

answer

function, form, structure

question

purposes of architecture

answer

practical, aesthetics, symbolic

question

round arch

answer

the first true arch in Western architecture, it displaces most of the weight, or downward thrust of the masonry above it to its curving sides

question

barrel vault

answer

the simplest form of vault consisting of an unbroken series of arches; it forms a tunnel like shape

question

gothic arch

answer

Pointed arch that started to be used in Middle Age churches

question

flying buttress

answer

A free-standing support attached to the main vessel (nave, choir, or transept wall) by an arch or half-arch which transmits the thrust of the vault to the support attached to the outer wall of the aisle. Consists of a strut or segment of an arch carrying the thrust of the vault to a vertical pier positioned away from the main portion of the building. An important element in Gothic cathedrals.

question

Louise Sullivan

answer

first great modern architect known for the skyscraper

question

Frank Lloyd Wright

answer

radical innovator open planning to the outdoors

question

post-and-beam

answer

a structural system that uses two or more uprights or posts to support a horizontal beam (lintel) that spans the space between them.

question

vault

answer

A masonry roof or ceiling constructed on the principle of the arch. A tunnel or barrel vault is a semicircular arch extended in depth; a continuous series of arches, one behind the other. A groin vault is formed when two barrel vaults intersect. A ribbed vault is a vault reinforced by masonry ribs.

question

colonnade

answer

A row of columns usually spanned or connected by beams (lintels)

question

arcade

answer

A series of arches supported by columns or piers. Also, a covered passageway between two series of arches or between a series of arches and a wall.

question

arch

answer

A curved structure designed to span an opening, usually made of stone or other masonry. Roman arches are semicircular; Islamic and Gothic arches come to a point at the top.

question

beam

answer

The horizontal stone or timber placed across an architectural space to take the weight of the roof or wall above; also called a lintel.

question

buttress

answer

a support, usually exterior, for a wall, arch, or vault that opposes the lateral forces of these structures.

question

truss

answer

a structural framework or metal based on a triangular system used to span, reinforce, or support walls, ceilings, piers, or beams.

question

curtain wall

answer

a non-load-bearing wall

question

cantilever

answer

a beam or slab projecting a substantial distance beyond its supporting post or wall; a projection supported only at one end

question

lintel

answer

The horizontal stone or timber placed across and architectural space to take the weight of the roof or wall above; also called a beam.

question

dressed stone

answer

stone used for building that is cut to fit into a masonry wall

question

elevation

answer

a scale drawing of any vertical side of a given structure

question

setback

answer

the legal distance that a building must be from property lines.

question

Ch 1

answer

The nature of art

question

Cathedra

answer

Barnett Newman, 1951, Oil on canvas

question

art forms

answer

An activity or a piece of artistic work that can be regarded as a medium of artistic expression. Music, dance, theater, literature, and the visual arts.

question

visual arts

answer

drawing, painting, sculpture, film, architecture and design

question

work of art

answer

The visual expression of an idea or experience formed with skill through the use of a medium.

question

medium, media

answer

A particular material along with its accompanying technique; a specific type of artistic technique or means of expression determined by the use of particular materials.

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mixed media

answer

art made with a combination of different materials

question

the arts

answer

music, dance, theater, literature and visual arts

question

Wheel of Time

answer

Tibetan sand Mandala, 1997

question

collage

answer

Technique of pasting cut-out or found elements into the space of the canvas.

question

mandala

answer

"Sacred circle": Buddhist diagram of the cosmos; sand painting; represents the impermanence of life

question

The tree of Jesse

answer

west facade, 1150

question

reasons for art

answer

Day to Day, worship and ritual, personal expression, social causes, visual delight,

question

art

answer

the expression of application of creative skill and imagination

question

Romare Bearden

answer

African American artist, used collages to show expression, intrest of jazz and communication

question

Dwelling

answer

Yong Soon Min, 1994, Mixed Media

question

Rocket to the Moon

answer

Romare Bearden, 1971, Collage on board

question

Heartland

answer

Miriam Schapiro, 1985, Fabric and Acrylic

question

Utilitarian

answer

art that improves quality or surroundings

question

Rembrandt

answer

painted numerous self portraits

question

Entertainment

answer

arts function in middle ages

question

Ch 2

answer

Awareness, Creativity, and Communication

question

visualize

answer

to use imagination and visual memory to preview events or plans before they occur

question

Weston

answer

used a time exposure of over two hours for his photograph of Pepper #30

question

beauty

answer

often based on culturally accepted standards

question

content & form

answer

what we interpret; what we see

question

Rodia

answer

Italian tile setter who built the Watts Towers out of cast off materials

question

Ugliness

answer

Leonardo da Vinci's variation of beauty as seen in his drawing Man Tricked by Gypsies

question

Georgia O'Keeffe

answer

American modern artists, know for paintings of flowers influenced by Japanese artists

question

perception

answer

To become aware through the senses, particularly through sight or hearing.

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aesthetics

answer

The study and philosophy of the quality and nature of sensory responses related to, but not limited by, the concept of beauty. Within the art context: The philosophy of art focusing on questions regarding what are is, how it is evaluated, the concept of beauty, and the relationship between the idea of beauty and the concept of art.

question

creativity

answer

Ability to see (or to be aware) and to respond.

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subject

answer

Objects depicted in representational art.

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form

answer

In the broadest sense, the total physical characteristics of an object, event, or situation.

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folk art

answer

Art of people who have had no formal, academic training, but whose works are part of an established tradition of style and craftsmanship.

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representational

answer

Art in which it is the artist's intention to present again or represent a particular subject; especially pertaining to realistic portrayal of subject matter.

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content

answer

Meaning or message contained and communicated by a work of art, including its emotional, intellectual, symbolic, thematic, and narrative connotations.

question

Tukutuku

answer

Tukutuku panels are a traditional Māori art form. They are decorative wall panels that were once part of the traditional wall construction used inside meeting houses. (nonrepresentational art from New Zealand)

question

trompe l'oeil

answer

French for "fool the eye." A two-dimensional representation that is so naturalistic that it looks actual or real (or three-dimensional).

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abstract

answer

Art that departs significantly from natural appearances. Forms are modified or changed to varying degrees in order to emphasize certain qualities or content. Recognizable references to original appearances may be very slight. The term is also used to describe art that is nonrepresentational.

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nonrepresentational

answer

Art without reference to anything outside itself -- without representation. Also called nonobjective -- without recognizable objects.

question

visual metaphor

answer

The representation of a person, place, thing, or idea by way of a visual image that suggests a particular association or point of similarity. Elliot Ervitt's Florida (water pipe is metaphor for the bird with its curved neck and thin legs)

question

iconography

answer

The symbolic meanings of subjects and signs used to convey ideas important to particular cultures or religions, and the conventions governing the use of such forms.

question

Ch 3

answer

Visual Elements

question

The elements of art

answer

line, shape, mass, space, time, motion, light, color, texture

question

additive

answer

Colors that are made from mixtures of light

question

chiaroscuro

answer

Italian "light-dark". The gradation of light and dark values in two-dimensional imagery; especially the illusion of rounded, three-dimensional form created through gradations of light and shade rather than line.

question

compliments

answer

Opposites on the color wheel are called

question

texture

answer

The surface/tactile quality of a work

question

Pointillism

answer

Painter Georges Seurat developed the painting technique using small dots of color

question

monochromatic

answer

Works of art that use variations of one hue are referred to as:

question

purity

answer

The saturation of a color is its

question

plane

answer

two dimensional picture surface

question

lines

answer

paths of action

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biomorphic shape

answer

shapes based on natural forms

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figure/positive shapes

answer

subject or dominant shapes

question

ground/negative shapes

answer

background areas in picture plane

question

mass/form

answer

the physical bulk of a solid body of material

question

Water and Sky

answer

Escher, 1938 figure ground reversal

question

space

answer

indefinable general receptacle of all things

question

spatial

answer

organized in space

question

temporal

answer

organized in time

question

overlap

answer

most basic way to achieve the effect of depth on a flat surface

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perspective

answer

point of view or any means of representing three dimensional objects in space on a two dimensional surface

question

vantage/viewpoint

answer

single fixed position

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atmospheric/aerial perspective

answer

nonlinear means for giving an illusion of depth

question

isometric perspective

answer

system for suggesting depth where parallel lines remain parallel

question

Line

answer

paths of action; indicate directions, define boundaries of shapes and spaces, imply volumes or solid masses, and suggest motion or emotion.

question

Cross-hatching

answer

use of fine parallel lines drawn closely together at right angles, to create the illusion of shade or texture in a drawing

question

Implied line

answer

A line in a composition that is not actually drawn. It may be a sight line of a figure in a composition, or a line along which two shapes align with each other.

question

Shape

answer

A two-dimensional or implied two-dimensional area defined by line or changes in value and/or color. or within the outer boundaries of a three dimensional object

question

Geometric shape

answer

precise and regular shape; circles, triangles, squares

question

Organic shape

answer

An irregular, non-geometric shape. A shape that resembles any living matter. Most organic shapes are not drawn with a ruler or a compass.

question

Picture plane

answer

The two-dimensional picture surface.

question

Positive or figure shape

answer

A figure or foreground shape, as opposed to a negative ground or background shape.

question

Negative or ground shape

answer

A background or ground shape seen in relation to foreground or figure shape(s).

question

Figure-ground reversal

answer

as the eye shifts across the work, the positive (figure) and negative (background) spaces reverse. The phenomenon when positive and negative space change places - as seen in Escher's Sky and Water I painting

question

Mass

answer

Three-dimensional form having physical bulk. Also, the illusion of such a form on a two-dimensional surface.

question

Value or tone

answer

relative lightness or darkness from white through gray to black. Pure hues vary in value.

question

Volume

answer

1. Space enclosed or filled by a three-dimensional object or figure. 2. The implied space filled by a painted or drawn object or figure. Synonym: mass.

question

Closed form

answer

A self-contained or explicitly limited form; having a resolved balance of tensions, a sense of calm completeness implying a totality within itself.

question

Open form

answer

interacts with the space around it; A form whose contour is irregular or broken, having a sense of growth, change, or unresolved tension; form in a state of becoming.

question

Diminishing size

answer

decreasing size of objects to imply increases distance. smaller objects appear farther away.

question

Vertical placement

answer

A method for suggesting the third dimension of depth in a two-dimensional work by placing an object above another in the composition. The object above seems farther away than the one below.

question

linear perspective

answer

A system for creating an illusion of depth on a two-dimensional surface based on the fact that parallel lines or edges appear to converge and objects appear smaller as the distance between them and the viewer increases.

question

Vanishing point or viewpoint

answer

With the linear perspective system, an entire picture can be constructed from this single, fixed position. place where land and sky appear to meet

question

One-point perspective

answer

All major receding "lines" of the subject are parallel, but visually appear to converge at a single vanishing point on the horizon line.

question

Two-point perspective

answer

Two sets of parallel lines appear to converge at two points on the horizon line.

question

Atmospheric or aerial perspective

answer

A system for creating an illusion of depth on a two-dimensional surface that creates the illusion of distance by reducing color saturation, value contrast, and detail in order to imply the hazy effect of atmosphere between the viewer and distant objects. Also known as aerial perspective.

question

isometric

answer

perspective parallel lines remain parallel, they do not converge as they recede

question

value

answer

refers to the relative lightness and darkness of surfaces

question

local/object color

answer

color that appears to our eyes as that of the object

question

achromatic

answer

without the property of hue

question

neutrals

answer

white, black and gray

question

hue

answer

particular wavelength of spectral color

question

shade

answer

black added to a hue

question

tint

answer

white added to hue

question

intensity/saturation

answer

refers to the purity of a hue or color

question

subtractive color mixtures

answer

pigment mixtures

question

pigment primaries

answer

re yellow blue

question

light primaries

answer

red-orange, green, and blue-violet

question

subtractive

answer

Colors that are made from mixtures of pigments

question

intermediate

answer

colors are achieved by mixing a primary color with an adjacent secondary color.

question

Ch 4

answer

Principles of Design

question

Principles of Design

answer

Unity/Variety; Balance; Emphasis/Subordination; Directional Forces; Contrast; Repetition/Rhythm; Scale/Proportion

question

repetition

answer

gives a composition unity, continuity, flow and emphasis

question

balance

answer

is achievement of equilibrium, in which acting influences are held in check by opposing forces

question

radial balance

answer

often in natures, centered around central axis

question

composition

answer

The combining of parts or elements to form a whole; the structure, organization, or total form of a work of art.

question

design

answer

The process of organizing visual elements and the product of that process.

question

unity

answer

The appearance of similarity, consistency, or oneness. Interrelational factors that cause various elements to appear as part of a single complete form.

question

variety

answer

Opposite of unity, counters unity; provides diversity.

question

symmetrical balance

answer

A design (or composition) with identical or nearly identical form on opposite sides of a dividing line or central axis.

question

asymmetrical balance

answer

Balance provided by various elements according to their size and meaning; balance is around a felt or implied center of gravity.

question

emphasis

answer

used to draw attention to an area or areas; position, contrast, color intensity, and size can be used to create emphasis.

question

focal point

answer

the area or areas of emphasis.

question

subordination

answer

neutral areas of lesser interest that keep the viewer from being distracted from the area or areas of emphasis.

question

contrast

answer

the juxtaposition of dissimilar elements: dark against light; large against small; bright colors against dull; geometric against organic; hard (sharp) edges against soft (blurred).

question

rhythm

answer

The regular or ordered repetition of dominant and subordinate elements or units within a design.

question

scale

answer

The size or apparent size of an object seen in relation to other objects, people, or its environment or format. Also used to refer to the quality or monumentality found in some objects regardless of their size.

question

proportion

answer

The size relationship of parts to a whole and to one another.

question

format

answer

The shape or proportions of a picture plane.

question

hierarchical scale

answer

the use of unnatural proportions to show relative importance of figures.

question

Henri Matisse

answer

French artist in late 1800's associated with fauve movement

question

Ch 5

answer

Evaluating Art

question

subjective

answer

Evaluation of art is always subjective

question

Chinese

answer

judged art to be good if it successfully communicated the inner spirit.

question

personal value

answer

orientations lead us to make judgments about the works of art we encounter.

question

formal theories

answer

focus attention on the composition of the work and how it may have been influenced by earlier works.

question

inspiration

answer

The word museum comes from the Greek mouseion, "place of the muses." Inferring the power of

question

Tyler Green

answer

"Museum ethics have become a joke."

question

"good art"

answer

changes with mature, develop critical skills, develop an aesthetic awareness

question

Art Criticism

answer

The process of using formal analysis, description, and interpretation to evaluate or explain the quality and meanings of art. Refers to making discriminating judgments both favorable and unfavorable

question

Museum

answer

A place dedicated to collecting, caring for, studying, and displaying objects of lasting value and interest.

question

Formal Theories

answer

Theories which focus attention on the composition of the work and how it may have been influenced by earlier works.

question

Sociocultural Theories

answer

Theories based on environmental influences such as the economic system, cultural values, and the politics of the time.

question

Expressive Theories

answer

Theories which focus on the artist's attempt to express a personality or worldview.

question

Ch 6

answer

Drawing

question

drawing

answer

the act of pushing or pulling a tool to make a mark or line

question

receptive drawing

answer

attempt to capture the physical appearance

question

projective drawing

answer

drawings that come from memory, imagination or visions

question

blind contour

answer

A contour exercise in which the artist never looks at the paper

question

cartoon

answer

Full-scale preparatory drawing for a fresco or mural.

question

graphic novel

answer

A novel whose narrative is related through a combination of text and art, often in comic-strip form Example: Persepolis

question

pencil (graphite)

answer

a thin cylindrical pointed writing implement

question

hatching

answer

shading consisting of multiple crossing lines

question

cross hatching

answer

cross directional lines that create depth of form

question

ink

answer

black and colors, a liquid used for printing or writing or drawing

question

conte crayon

answer

organic drawing material, made from earth-clays, difficult to erase, likes to be blended and smudged

question

cross-hatching

answer

a technique used in drawing and linear forms of printmaking, in which one set of hatchings are drawn over another in a different direction so that the lines cross.

question

tooth

answer

the surface grain of paper.

question

fixative

answer

A thin varnish sprayed over a completed charcoal drawing to help bind the charcoal to the paper.

question

wash

answer

transparent layer of paint or ink; ink and waters to create dark to light values

question

sketch

answer

a simply, preliminary drawing

question

Observation Drawing

answer

drawing by direct observation of the object; very detailed

question

Purpose of Drawing

answer

1. to make a notation, sketch or record; 2. to make a study for larger, more complex works; 3. to make a complete work of art

question

Dry Media

answer

Graphite / Pencil; Metal Point; Crayon, Pastel, Chalk

question

Liquid Media

answer

(also called wet media); Pen & Ink; Brush & Ink

question

Calligraphic or Gestural Line

answer

Line that varies from thick to thin

question

Ch 7

answer

Painting

question

pigment

answer

dry coloring matter (especially an insoluble powder to be mixed with a liquid to produce paint etc)

question

medium

answer

a liquid with which pigment is mixed by a painter

question

glaze

answer

coating for fabrics, ceramics, metal, etc.

question

impasto

answer

the technique of applying paint so thickly that brush or knife strokes can be seen; has visible texture

question

tempera

answer

egg yolk binder, vehicle water, quick dry, colors change very fine lines/details, fabrics

question

oil

answer

slow dry, vegetable oil binder, on canvas or linen; Pigment; Binder (linseed Oil); Vehicle (turpentine)

question

acrylic

answer

modern synthetic, water is vehicle and binder; Tough, flexible; fast drying; can mimic any other paints

question

dry fresco or fresco secco

answer

repainted true fresco or dry

question

Watercolor

answer

paint that uses water-soluble gum as the binder and water as the vehicle. Characterized by transparency. Also, the result of painting. Free flowing; loose; challenging: unforgiving, dries fast; Pigment (no white: white is paper); Binder (gum Arabic); Vehicle (water)

question

Gouache

answer

An opaque, water-soluble paint. Watercolor to which opaque white has been added.

question

Encaustic

answer

waxy substance used to protect areas of paper from watercolor; removed later to leave white area.

question

Fresco buon and secco

answer

Painting technique in which pigments suspended in water are applied to a damp lime-plaster surface. The pigments dry to become part of the plaster wall or surface. Sometimes called true fresco or buon fresco to distinguish it from painting over dry plaster (fresco secco).

question

Binder

answer

The material used in paint that causes pigment particles to adhere to one another and to the support, for example, linseed oil or acrylic polymer.

question

Vehicle

answer

Liquid emulsion used as a carrier or spreading agent in paints

question

Airbrush

answer

small paint sprayer that produces a fine, controlled mist of paint. produces even application without brush strokes.

question

Direct painting and impasto

answer

executing a painting in one sitting, applying wet over wet colors.

question

Paint

answer

Combination of: Pigment (color); Binder (holds pigment particles together); Vehicle (spreads the paint; hold pigment and binder)

question

Fresco

answer

Wet: Pigment; Binder (wet plaster); Vehicle (water)

question

Ch 8

answer

Printmaking

question

edition

answer

all of the identical copies of something offered to the public at the same time

question

two ways printmaking differs from other art forms

answer

artist creates the surface that makes the art work, multiples of the art work are created

question

silkscreen

answer

ink forced through stencils on silk stretched across a frame

question

Prints vs. Mass Production

answer

1. Limited quantity; 2. Artist oversees each print; 3. Prints numbered & signed (pencil); artist copies marked "ap"

question

Artist's proof

answer

prints made for the artist's record or personal use ("ap")

question

Relief

answer

In a relief process, the printmaker cuts away all parts of the printing surface not meant to carry ink, leaving the design "in relief" at the level of the surface.

question

Original print

answer

a print done by an artist or under his or her direct supervision. NOT a reproduction.

question

Etching

answer

an intaglio printmaking process in which a metal plate is first coated with acid-resistant wax, then scratched to expose the metal to the bite of nitric acid where lines are desired. Also, the resulting print.

question

Woodcut

answer

a type of relief print made from an image that is left raised on a block of wood.

question

Linocut

answer

A relief process in printmaking, in which an artist cuts away negative spaces from a block of linoleum, leaving raised areas to take ink for printing.

question

Limited edition

answer

Only a small number of prints are made, after which the plate is destroyed

question

Engraving

answer

an intaglio process in which grooves are cut into a metal or wood surface with a sharp cutting tool called a burin or graver. Also, the resulting print.

question

Drypoint

answer

an intaglio printmaking process in which lines are scratched directly into a metal plate with a steel needle. Also the resulting print.

question

Lithography

answer

a planographic printmaking technique based on the antipathy of oil and water. The image is drawn with a grease crayon or painted with tusche on a stone or grained aluminum plate. The surface is then chemically treated and dampened so that it will accept ink only where the crayon or tusche has been used.

question

Screenprinting

answer

a printmaking technique in which stencils are applied to fabric stretched across a frame. Paint or ink is forced with a squeegee through the unblocked portions of the screen onto paper or other surface beneath. Easiest; stencil applied with fabric stretched over frame; Not a reverse image

question

Intaglio

answer

any printmaking technique in which lines and areas to be linked and transferred to paper are recessed below the surface on the printing plate. Etching, engraving, drypoint, and aquatint are all intaglio processes.

question

Ch 9

answer

Camera Arts and Digital Imaging

question

photography

answer

Literally "light writing"; "light drawing". The process of producing images of objects on photosensitive surfaces.

question

camera obscura

answer

A dark Room (or box) with a small hole in one side, through wich an inverted image of the view outside is projected onto the opposite wall, screen or mirror. The image is then traced.

question

negative

answer

photographic process resulting in a reverse (negative) image from which a positive photograph can be made.

question

photo essay

answer

a set or series of photographs that are intended to tell a story or evoke a series of emotions in the viewer.

question

photojournalism

answer

journalism that presents a story primarily through the use of pictures

question

photomontage

answer

The process of combining parts of various photographs in one photograph.

question

film

answer

photographic material consisting of a base of celluloid covered with a photographic emulsion; used to make negatives or transparencies

question

color photography

answer

Color photography is photography that uses media capable of representing colors which are produced chemically during the photographic processing phase. It is contrasted with black-and-white photography, which uses media capable only of showing shades of gray.

question

daguerreotype

answer

An early photographic process developed by Louis Daguerre in the 1830s, which required a treated metal plate. This plate was exposed to light, and the chemical reactions on the plate created the first satisfactory photographs.

question

persistence of vision

answer

An optical illusion that makes cinema possible. The eye and mind tend to hold seen images for a fraction of a second after they disappear from view. Quick projection of slightly differing images creates the illusion of movement.

question

first photograph of a person

answer

louis Dauerre, Le Boulevard duTemple

question

documented social issues

answer

Lewis Hine, Coal breakers, Pennsylvania

question

Ch 10

answer

Graphic Design

question

storyboard

answer

graphic organizers such as a series of illustrations or images displayed in sequence for the purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture, animation, motion graphic or interactive media sequence, including website interactivity.

question

graphic design

answer

The process of working with words and pictures to create solutions to problems of visual communication.

question

logo

answer

Short for "logotype". Sign, name or trademark of an institution, a firm or a publication, consisting of letter forms, borne on one printing plate or piece of type.

question

symbol

answer

A graphic design (identifying mark) based on pictoral (rather than typographic) sources. A form or image implying or representing something beyond its obvious and immediate meaning.

question

typography

answer

The art and technique of composing printed materials from type.

question

typeface

answer

a typeface is a set of one or more fonts, in one or more sizes, designed with stylistic unity, each comprising a coordinated set of glyphs.

question

font

answer

The name given to a style of type.

question

illustration

answer

An illustration is a visualization such as a drawing, painting, photograph or other work of art that stresses subject more than form. Used with symbols, type, and color to produce a visual composition to attract, inform, and persuade a given audience.

question

letter form

answer

The shape of an individual letter; The design and development of such shapes.

question

Ch 11

answer

Sculpture

question

in-the-round aka freestanding sculpture

answer

Sculpture which is meant to be seen from all sides.

question

low-relief aka bas-relief

answer

Sculpture in which three-dimensional forms project from the flat background of which they are a part. The degree of projection from the surrounding surface is slight.

question

high-relief

answer

Sculpture in which more than half of the natural circumference of the modeled forms project from the flat background of which they are a part.

question

modeling

answer

A manipulative and often additive process. Working pliable material such as clay or wax into 3-D forms.

question

manipulative/additive

answer

modeling that uses pliable materials such as clay, wax or plaster

question

armature

answer

n. something that supports a sculpture

question

additive

answer

Sculptural form produced by adding, combining, or building up material from core or armature. Modeling in clay and welding steel are additive processes.

question

casting mold

answer

A substitution or replacement process that involves pouring liquid material such as molten metal, clay, wax, or plaster into a mold. When the liquid hardens, the mold is removed, and a form in the shape of the mold is left. Mold is also called a pattern.

question

carving

answer

A subtractive process in which a sculpture is formed by removing material from a block or mass of wood, stone, or other material, with the use of sharpened tools.

question

assembling

answer

Sculpture creating by joining materials (often using welding) as opposed to modeling, carving, and casting. Assemblage: Sculpture using preexisting, sometimes "found" objects that may or may not contribute their original identities to the total content of the work.

question

constructions sculpture

answer

Sculpture creating by joining materials (often using welding) as opposed to modeling, carving, and casting.

question

kinetic sculpture

answer

A type of sculpture that incorporates actual movement as part of the design.

question

Alexander Calder

answer

first to explore kinetic sculpture

question

mobile sculpture

answer

A type of sculpture in which parts move, often activated by air currents.

question

installation

answer

A type of art medium in which the artist arranges objects or artworks in a room, thinking of the entire space as the medium to be manipulated. Also called environments.

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site-specific

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Site-specific art is created to exist in a certain place. Typically, the artist takes the location into account while planning and creating the artwork.

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Ch 12

answer

Clay, Glass, Metal, Wood, Fiber

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potter

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a craftsman who shapes pottery on a potter's wheel and bakes them it a kiln

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ceramics

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clay hardened into a relatively permanent material by firing.

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ceramist

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a craftsman who shapes pottery on a potter's wheel and bakes them it a kiln

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firing

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the process of increasing the temperature in a kiln until desired temperature is reached, effecting a chemical change in the clay body

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kiln

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a large oven for firing or burning or drying such things as porcelain or bricks

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glaze

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a vitreous or glassy coating applied to seal and decorate surfaces. Glaze may be colored, transparent, or opaque.

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earthenware

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ceramic ware made of porous clay fired at low heat (1100-1150C)

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stoneware

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ceramic ware that is fired in high heat and vitrified and nonporous (1200-1300C)

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porcelain

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ceramic ware made of a more or less translucent ceramic (1350-1500C)

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throwing

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forming objects on the potter's wheel using a clay body with plastic qualities.

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slip

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potter's clay that is thinned and used for coating or decorating ceramics

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glass

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brittle transparent solid that's nearly 4000 years old

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warp

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yarn arranged lengthways on a loom and crossed by the woof

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weft

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the yarn woven horizontally across the warp yarn in weaving (aka Woof)

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Loom

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A device for producing cloth by interweaving fibers at right angles

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Ch 13

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Architecture

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key concepts of architecture

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function, form, structure

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purposes of architecture

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practical, aesthetics, symbolic

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round arch

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the first true arch in Western architecture, it displaces most of the weight, or downward thrust of the masonry above it to its curving sides

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barrel vault

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the simplest form of vault consisting of an unbroken series of arches; it forms a tunnel like shape

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gothic arch

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Pointed arch that started to be used in Middle Age churches

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flying buttress

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A free-standing support attached to the main vessel (nave, choir, or transept wall) by an arch or half-arch which transmits the thrust of the vault to the support attached to the outer wall of the aisle. Consists of a strut or segment of an arch carrying the thrust of the vault to a vertical pier positioned away from the main portion of the building. An important element in Gothic cathedrals.

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Louise Sullivan

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first great modern architect known for the skyscraper

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Frank Lloyd Wright

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radical innovator open planning to the outdoors

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post-and-beam

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a structural system that uses two or more uprights or posts to support a horizontal beam (lintel) that spans the space between them.

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vault

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A masonry roof or ceiling constructed on the principle of the arch. A tunnel or barrel vault is a semicircular arch extended in depth; a continuous series of arches, one behind the other. A groin vault is formed when two barrel vaults intersect. A ribbed vault is a vault reinforced by masonry ribs.

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colonnade

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A row of columns usually spanned or connected by beams (lintels)

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arcade

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A series of arches supported by columns or piers. Also, a covered passageway between two series of arches or between a series of arches and a wall.

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arch

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A curved structure designed to span an opening, usually made of stone or other masonry. Roman arches are semicircular; Islamic and Gothic arches come to a point at the top.

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beam

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The horizontal stone or timber placed across an architectural space to take the weight of the roof or wall above; also called a lintel.

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buttress

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a support, usually exterior, for a wall, arch, or vault that opposes the lateral forces of these structures.

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truss

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a structural framework or metal based on a triangular system used to span, reinforce, or support walls, ceilings, piers, or beams.

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curtain wall

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a non-load-bearing wall

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cantilever

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a beam or slab projecting a substantial distance beyond its supporting post or wall; a projection supported only at one end

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lintel

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The horizontal stone or timber placed across and architectural space to take the weight of the roof or wall above; also called a beam.

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dressed stone

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stone used for building that is cut to fit into a masonry wall

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elevation

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a scale drawing of any vertical side of a given structure

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setback

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the legal distance that a building must be from property lines.

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Visual elements

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Line, Shape, Mass, Space, Time, Motion, Light, Color, Texture

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Line

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paths of action; indicate directions, define boundaries of shapes and spaces, imply volumes or solid masses, and suggest motion or emotion.

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Shape

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A two-dimensional or implied two-dimensional area defined by line or changes in value and/or color.

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Geometric shape

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precise and regular shape; circles, triangles, squares

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Organic shape

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An irregular, non-geometric shape. A shape that resembles any living matter. Most organic shapes are not drawn with a ruler or a compass.

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Mass

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Three-dimensional form having physical bulk. Also, the illusion of such a form on a two-dimensional surface.

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Space

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2D: the size of the picture plane plus implied depth

Prebles’ Artforms (Ch 1-13) – Flashcards

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