APUSH Ch. 4 – Flashcards
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The culture that developed among the slaves in the English colonies of North America was
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a combination of several African and American cultures.
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Political and economic power in the southern colonies was dominated by
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wealthy planters.
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Because there were few urban centers in the colonial South,
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a professional class f lawyers and financiers was slow to develop.
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Puritan lawmakers in New England prevented married women from having property rights because
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they feared that separate property rights for women would undercut the unity of married couples.
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In New England, elementary education
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was mandatory for any town with more than 50 families.
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The Congregational Church of the Puritans contributed to
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the development of basic democracy in the New England town meeting.
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In contrast to the Chesapeake Bay colonists, those in New England
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enjoyed longer lives and more stable families.
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The focus of much of New England's politics, religion, and education was the institution of
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the town.
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The "Half-Way Covenant" provided
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baptism but not "full communion" to people who had not had a conversion experience.
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Those people accused of being witches in Salem were generally
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from families associated with Salem's burgeoning market economy.
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English settlers greatly altered the character of the New England environment by
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their extensive introduction of livestock.
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Family
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Early Maryland and Virginia settlers had difficulty creating them and even more making them last.
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Disease
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Primary cause of death among tobacco-growing settlers.
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Indentured Servants
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Immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor.
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Headright
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Maryland and Virginia's system of granting land to anyone who would pay transatlantic passage for laborers.
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Hanging
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Fate of many of Nathaniel Bacon's followers, though not of Bacon himself
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Rhode Island
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American colony that was home to the Newport slave market and many slave traders
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Royal African Company
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English company that lost its monopoly on the slave trade in 1698.
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Gullah
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African American dialect that blended English with Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa.
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Slave Revolts
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Uprisings that occurred in NYC in 1712 and in South Carolina in 1739.
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First Families
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Wealthy extended clans like the Fitzhughs, Lees, and Washingtons that dominated politics in the most populous colony.
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Early 20s
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Approximate marriage age of most New England women.
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Town Meetings
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The basic local political institution of New England, in which all freemen gathered to elect officials and debate local affairs.
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Half-Way Covenant
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Formula devised by Puritan ministers in 1662 to offer partial church membership to people who had not experienced conversion.
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Witch Trials
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Late 17th century judicial event that inflamed popular feelings, led to the deaths of 20 people, an weakened the Puritan clergy's prestige.
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Farming
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Primary occupation of most 17th-century Americans.
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Chesapeake
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Virginia-Maryland bay area, site of the earliest colonial settlements.
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Indentured Servants
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Primary laborers in early southern colonies until the 1680s
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Nathaniel Bacon
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Agitator who led poor former indentured servants and frontiersmen on a rampage against Indians and colonial government.
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Governor Berkeley
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Colonial Virginia official who crushed rebels and wreaked cruel revenge.
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Royal African Company
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Organization whose loss of the slave trade monopoly in 1698 led to free-enterprise expansion of the business.
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Middle Passage
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Experience for which human beings were branded and chained, and which only 80 percent survived.
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Ringshout
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West African religious rite, retained by African Americans, in which participants responded to the shouts of a preacher.
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NYC Slave Revolt of 1712
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Major middle-colonies rebellion that caused 33 deaths.
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Nathanael Hawthorne
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Author of a novel about the early New England practice of requiring adulterers to wear the letter "A"
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"New England conscience"
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The legacy of Puritan religion that inspired idealism and reform among later generations of Americans
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Harvard
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The oldest college in America, originally based on the Puritan commitment to an educated ministry.
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William and Mary
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The oldest college in the South, founded in 1793
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Half-Way Covenant
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Helped erase the earlier Puritan distinction between the converted "elect" and other members of society.
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Salem witch trials
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Phenomena started by adolescent girls' accusations that ended with the deaths of 20 people.
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Leisler's Rebellion
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Small NY revolt of 1689-1691 that reflected class antagonism between landlords and merchants.
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The severe shortage of females in southern colonies
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Produced large number of unattached males and weak family structure.
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Poor white males' anger at their inability to acquire land or start families
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Sparked Bacon's rebellion.
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Planters' fears of indentured servants' rebellion, coupled with rising wages in England
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Caused southern planters to switch from indentured-servant labor to African slavery.
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The dramatic increase in colonial slave population after 1680s
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Inspired passage of strict "slave codes."
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The growing proportion of female slaves in the Chesapeake region after 1720
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Fostered stronger slave families and growth of slave population through natural reproduction of children.
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New Englanders' introduction of livestock and intensive agriculture
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Reduced forests and damaged the soil.
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The healthier climate and more equal male-female ratio in New England
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Produced high birthrates and a very stable family structure.
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The decline of religious devotion and in number of conversions in New England
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Inspired the Half-Way Covenant and jeremiad preaching.
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Unsettled New England social conditions and anxieties about the decline of the Puritan religious heritage
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Underlay the Salem witchcraft persecutions.
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The rocky soil and harsh climate of New England
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Thwarted success in agriculture but helped create the tough New England character.
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