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For most of their early history, the colonies of Maryland and Virginia

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contained far more men than women.

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The primary beneficiaries of the "headright" system were

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landowners who paid the transatlantic passage for indentured servants.

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The primary cause of Bacon's Rebellion was

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the poverty and discontent of many single young men unable to acquire land.

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African slavery became the prevalent form of labor in the 1680s when

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planters were no longer able to rely on white indentured servants as a labor force.

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The culture that developed among the slaves in the English colonies of North America was

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a combination of several African and American cultures.

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Political and economic power in the southern colonies was dominated by

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wealthy planters.

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Because there were few urban centers in the colonial South,

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a professional class f lawyers and financiers was slow to develop.

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Puritan lawmakers in New England prevented married women from having property rights because

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they feared that separate property rights for women would undercut the unity of married couples.

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In New England, elementary education

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was mandatory for any town with more than 50 families.

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The Congregational Church of the Puritans contributed to

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the development of basic democracy in the New England town meeting.

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In contrast to the Chesapeake Bay colonists, those in New England

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enjoyed longer lives and more stable families.

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The focus of much of New England's politics, religion, and education was the institution of

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the town.

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The "Half-Way Covenant" provided

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baptism but not "full communion" to people who had not had a conversion experience.

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Those people accused of being witches in Salem were generally

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from families associated with Salem's burgeoning market economy.

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English settlers greatly altered the character of the New England environment by

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their extensive introduction of livestock.

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Family

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Early Maryland and Virginia settlers had difficulty creating them and even more making them last.

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Disease

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Primary cause of death among tobacco-growing settlers.

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Indentured Servants

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Immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor.

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Headright

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Maryland and Virginia's system of granting land to anyone who would pay transatlantic passage for laborers.

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Hanging

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Fate of many of Nathaniel Bacon's followers, though not of Bacon himself

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Rhode Island

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American colony that was home to the Newport slave market and many slave traders

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Royal African Company

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English company that lost its monopoly on the slave trade in 1698.

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Gullah

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African American dialect that blended English with Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa.

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Slave Revolts

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Uprisings that occurred in NYC in 1712 and in South Carolina in 1739.

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First Families

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Wealthy extended clans like the Fitzhughs, Lees, and Washingtons that dominated politics in the most populous colony.

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Early 20s

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Approximate marriage age of most New England women.

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Town Meetings

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The basic local political institution of New England, in which all freemen gathered to elect officials and debate local affairs.

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Half-Way Covenant

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Formula devised by Puritan ministers in 1662 to offer partial church membership to people who had not experienced conversion.

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Witch Trials

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Late 17th century judicial event that inflamed popular feelings, led to the deaths of 20 people, an weakened the Puritan clergy's prestige.

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Farming

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Primary occupation of most 17th-century Americans.

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Chesapeake

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Virginia-Maryland bay area, site of the earliest colonial settlements.

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Indentured Servants

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Primary laborers in early southern colonies until the 1680s

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Nathaniel Bacon

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Agitator who led poor former indentured servants and frontiersmen on a rampage against Indians and colonial government.

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Governor Berkeley

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Colonial Virginia official who crushed rebels and wreaked cruel revenge.

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Royal African Company

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Organization whose loss of the slave trade monopoly in 1698 led to free-enterprise expansion of the business.

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Middle Passage

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Experience for which human beings were branded and chained, and which only 80 percent survived.

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Ringshout

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West African religious rite, retained by African Americans, in which participants responded to the shouts of a preacher.

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NYC Slave Revolt of 1712

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Major middle-colonies rebellion that caused 33 deaths.

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Nathanael Hawthorne

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Author of a novel about the early New England practice of requiring adulterers to wear the letter "A"

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"New England conscience"

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The legacy of Puritan religion that inspired idealism and reform among later generations of Americans

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Harvard

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The oldest college in America, originally based on the Puritan commitment to an educated ministry.

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William and Mary

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The oldest college in the South, founded in 1793

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Half-Way Covenant

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Helped erase the earlier Puritan distinction between the converted "elect" and other members of society.

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Salem witch trials

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Phenomena started by adolescent girls' accusations that ended with the deaths of 20 people.

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Leisler's Rebellion

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Small NY revolt of 1689-1691 that reflected class antagonism between landlords and merchants.

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The severe shortage of females in southern colonies

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Produced large number of unattached males and weak family structure.

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Poor white males' anger at their inability to acquire land or start families

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Sparked Bacon's rebellion.

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Planters' fears of indentured servants' rebellion, coupled with rising wages in England

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Caused southern planters to switch from indentured-servant labor to African slavery.

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The dramatic increase in colonial slave population after 1680s

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Inspired passage of strict "slave codes."

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The growing proportion of female slaves in the Chesapeake region after 1720

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Fostered stronger slave families and growth of slave population through natural reproduction of children.

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New Englanders' introduction of livestock and intensive agriculture

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Reduced forests and damaged the soil.

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The healthier climate and more equal male-female ratio in New England

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Produced high birthrates and a very stable family structure.

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The decline of religious devotion and in number of conversions in New England

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Inspired the Half-Way Covenant and jeremiad preaching.

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Unsettled New England social conditions and anxieties about the decline of the Puritan religious heritage

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Underlay the Salem witchcraft persecutions.

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The rocky soil and harsh climate of New England

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Thwarted success in agriculture but helped create the tough New England character.

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