Prentice Hall World History – Flashcards
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Strait
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narrow water passage
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Homer
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Great poet who wrote the Iliad
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Knossos
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site of the palace of the Minoan ruler
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Heinrich Schliemann
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businessman who proved that the Trojan War really occurred
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Trojan War
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conflict caused by economic rivalry between the Mycenaeans and Troy.
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Greek life- The Sea
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the sea shapes greek civilization. proximity to sea, lack of resources encourage sea travel and trade
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Greek life- The Land
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mountains slow travel, divide land into regions. lack of fertile land leads to small populations, need for colonies
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Greek life- The Climate
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moderate climate promotes outdoor life. Greek men, especially, spend much of their time outside
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Mycenaeans
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Indo-Europeans who settled on Greek mainland in 2000BC. took their name from their city, Mycenae
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contact with Minoans
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Mycenaeans adopt Minoan sea trade and culture
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Dorians replace Mycenaeans
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Mycenaean civilization collapses around 2000BC. Dorians- possibly relatives of Bronze age Greeks- move into Greece. Less advanced than Mycenaeans, Dorians leave no written records
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Epic
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a narrative poem about heroic deeds
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Epics of Homer
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Oral tradition grows, especially epics of Homer- a blind storyteller. Homer's epic the Iliad, about Trojan War, shows Greek Heroic ideal
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Greeks create myths
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Greeks develop their own myths- traditional stories about gods. Greeks seek to understand mysteries of life through myths. Greeks attributw human qualities- love, hate, jealousy- to their gods
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Zeua
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ruler of gods. presided over the affairs of gods and humans. lives on Mount Olympus with his wife, Hera goddess of marriage.
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Athena
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goddess of wisdom and guardian of cities, daughter of Zeus
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polis
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city-state in ancient Greece and its surrounding villages. the formal government. citizens gather in the marketplace and acropolis- a fortified hill top
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aristocracy
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rule by a land owning elite
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oligarchy
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power is in the hands of a small, powerful elite, usually from the business class
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democracy
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government by the people
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tyrant
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people who gained power by force. nobles and wealthy citizens win support of common people. seize control and rule in the interests of ordinary people
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legislature
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lawmaking body
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acropolis
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where temples were built
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Athens democracy
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Nobleman, Draco, develops legal code based on equality of citizens. ruler solon abolishes debt slavery; Cleithenes has citizens make laws. only native-born, property- owning males are citizens
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Athenian education
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schooling only for sons of wealthy families. girls learn from mothers and other female members of household
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Spartans city-state
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Sparta, isolated from much of Greece, builds military state
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Sparta conquers Messenia
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Messenians become helots- peasants forced to farm the land. harsh rule leads to Messenian revolt; Spartans build stronger atate
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Spartan daily life
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Spartan values: duty, strength, individuality, discipline over freedom. Sparta has the most powerful army in Greece. Males move into barracks at age 7, train until 30, serve until 60. Girls receive some military training and live hardy lives. Girls also taught to value service to Sparta above all else
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phalanx
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a massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers. long hours of drill were required to perfect the fighting method. feared by all, formation of soldiers with spears, shields. armor becomes cheaper and leads to new kind of army; includes soldiers from all classes
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Battle of Marathon
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Persian Wars- between Greece and Persian empire- begin in Ionia. Persian army attacks Athens, Athens win Marathon
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Delian League
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city-states of combining resources to protect against threats from Persia led by Athens and Sparta
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Age of Pericles
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leads to a Golden Age in Athens
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Themistocles
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urged Greeks to build stronger defenses after Marathon. encouraged the cultural growth of Athens through public festivals
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direct democracy
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citizens take part in the daily affairs of government
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Peloponnesian War
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ended Athenian greatness
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Aspasia
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leader who urged Athens to build warships
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Aristotle
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founded the Lyceum
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Herodotus
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wrote The Persian Wars
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Plato
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wrote The Republic
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rhetoric
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the art of skillful speaking
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tragedy
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play that told a story of human suffering that usually ended in disaster
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classic
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style in literature set by the Greeks based on the elegance, harmony, balance of Greek works
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comedy
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humorous plays that mocked people or customs
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ostracism
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being banished from Athens
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Macedonia
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kingdom of mountain villages north of Greece. Macedonians call themselves Greeks; rest of Greece does not. Built by Philip
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King Philip II
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ruler, brilliant general; dreams of controlling Greece. PHILIP CREATES WELL-TRAINED PROFESSIONAL army; plans to invade Greece. 338BC Macedonians defeat Greece; 336BC King Philip murdered. His son named king of Macedonia-- becomes "Alexander the Great"
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Alexander's early life
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tutored by Aristotle; inspired by the Iliad; has military training. becomes king when 20 years old; destroys Thebes to curb rebellion
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Alexander invades Persia
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quick victory at Granicus River. Datius III- king of Persia, assembles army of 50,000- 75,000 men. Alexander defeats Persians again, forces King of Persia to flee
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Conquering the Persian Empire
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Alexander marches to Egypt, crowned pharaoh. at Gaugamela in Mesopotamia, Alexander defeats Persians again. Alexander captures cities of Babylon, Susa and Perseplois. Persepolis, Persian capital, burned to the ground
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Alexander in India
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Alexander fights his way across the deserts of Central Asia to India. Alexander conquers Indus Valley area. Reluctantly returns to Babylon, dies
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Alexander's Legacy
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Alexander melds Greek and Persian cultures; wife is Persian. Empire becomes three kingdoms: a)Macedonia, Greek city-states b) Egypt c) old Persia, also known as Seleucid kingdom
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Hellenistic culture in Alexandria
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result of Alexander's policies- a new vibrant culture. Hellenistic culture- Greek blended with Egyptian, Persian, Indian
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Alexandria
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Egyptian city becomes center of Hellenistic civilization. Attractions: 1)lighthouse, called the Pharos, stands over 350 feet tall 2)Museum contains art galleries, a zoo, botanical gardens, dining hall 3) library holds masterpieces of ancient literature; supports scholars- preserve Greek and Egyptian learning
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assimilated
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absorbed
