World History Chapter 7 Critical Essay – Flashcards
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turnpike
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a private toll road
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enterprise
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a business organization in an area such as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories
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tenement
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an apartment building for the working class
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James Watt
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Improved the steam engine; making steam a more efficient source of power
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proletariat
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The working class
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Robert Owen
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Utopian socialist who set up a model community in New Lanark, Scotland
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anesthetic
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drug that prevents pain during surgery
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urbanization
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movement of people from rural areas to cities
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entrepreneurs
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those who managed and assumed the financial risks of starting new businesses
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Jeremy Bentham
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British philosopher and economist who advocated utilitarianism; believed that laws should be judged by whether they bring more pleasure or pain
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How did life change during the Industrial Revolution?
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people migrated from rural areas to the cities
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cotton gin
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a machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers
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first factories
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created for the textile industry
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Luddites
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labor organization
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Abraham Darby
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He used coal to smelt iron. His experiments led him to produce better-quality and less expensive iron.
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Thomas Malthus
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believed that diseases was a bnatural means of controling population
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David Ricardo
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wrote "Iron Law of Wages: believed that wages will increase in direct proportion to the rise of prices
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utilarianism
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the idea that the goal of society should be "greatest happiness for the greatest number" of its citizens
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social democarcy
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gradual change from capitalism to socialism
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Karl Marx
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despired capitalism because he thought it created prosperity for a few and poverty for many
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land enclosure
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created larger farms
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`slave trade contributed to the rise of industry
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by providing investment capital
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railroads
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grew due to the development of steam power did not have to follow the course of a river
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putting-out system
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cottage industry, in which raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread and then wove the thread into cloth in their own homes
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working class people
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lived in tenements
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Factory Acts
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child labor reform laws
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Why were most factory workers women?
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employers could pay women less than men
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long-term result of the Industrial Revolution
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a general rise in the standard of living
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laissez-faire economists believed
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the cure for poverty was an unrestricted free market
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socialist solution to poverty and injustice
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shared ownership by the people of the means of production
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Utopians
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established communities where all work was shared and all property was owned in common.
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significance of steam power to industrialization
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The development of steam power allowed new technologies to be invented where work was done faster and cheaper, this led to the rise of factories. More workers were needed to run the new inventions. Steam power also increased the railroiads ability to transport goods.
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how did the agricultural revolution bring about the Industrial Revolution?
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Farming methods were improved, new technology like the seed drill made planting easier. Farmers were able to produce more food with less workers over a lager piece of land. This lead to farm workers moving to cities to locate work and more food was produced at cheaper prices.
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What was the human cost of the Industrial Revolution?
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families crowded into small tenements, children and women working in factories and mines. People lost fingers and limbs working in the factories, People were killed due to poor working conditions. People injured lost their jobs. Families not compensated for the loss of a member due working conditions
