Ch 10 AP World History Vocab – Flashcards
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Middle Ages
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The period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the fifteenth century.
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Vikings
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Sea-Going Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the eighth to eleventh centuries; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America.
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Manorialism
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System of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land.
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Serfs
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Peasant agriculture laborers within the manorial system.
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Moldboard
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Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils.
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Three-field system
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One-third of land left unplanted each year to increase fertility
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Clovis
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King of the Franks; converted to Christianity ca. 496
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Carolingians
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Royal house of Franks from eighth to tenth centuries.
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Charles Martel
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Carolingian monarch of Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732.
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Charlemagne
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Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany ca. 800.
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Holy Roman Emperors
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Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following break-up of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy.
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Feudalism
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Relationships among the military elite during the Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection to lesser lords in return for military service.
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Vassals
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Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty.
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Capetians
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French dynasty ruling from the tenth century; developed a strong feudal monarchy.
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William the Conqueror
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Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England.
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Magna Carta
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Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy.
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Parliaments
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Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult their vassals.
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Hundred Years War
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Conflict between England and France (1337-1453)
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Pope Urban II
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Called first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control.
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St. Clare of Assisi
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Thirteenth-century founder of a women's monastic order; represented a new spirit of purity and dedication to the Catholic church.
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Gregory VII
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Eleventh-century pope who attempted to free church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops.
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Peter Abelard
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Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.
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Thomas Aquinas
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Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of god.
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Hanseatic League
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An organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance
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Guilds
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Associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship, discourage innovations; often established franchise within cities.
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Black Death
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Plague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure.
