AP World History Rise of Islam Vocab – Flashcards
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Islam
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Majpr world religion having its origins in 610 C.E. in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad.
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Muslim
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follower of Islam
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Quran
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Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam
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Hadith
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Traditions of the prophet Muhammad
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Bedouin
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Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.
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Umma
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Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity
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Caliph
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The political and religious successor to Muhammad
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Sunnis
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Political and theological division within Islam.
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Shi'is
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Also known as the Shi'a and Shi'ites; political and theological followers within Islam; Followers of Ali
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Mawali
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non- Arab converts to Islam
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Dhimmi
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Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus
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Harem
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the part of a Muslim palace or house reserved for the residence of women.
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Ayan
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the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule
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Mecca
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a city in West Saudi Arabia: birthplace of Muhammad; spiritual center of Islam
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Medina
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Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra)
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Umayyad
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Clan of bedouins who controlled Mecca in 7th century C.E. that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam.
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Ka'ba
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Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam.
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Zakat
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Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims.
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Five Pillars
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the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj
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Ali
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Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a
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Abu Bakr
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One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Muslim community
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Ridda
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wars that followed muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam
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Jihad
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Struggle often used for wars in defense of the faith
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Hijra
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the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution a.d. 622: regarded as the beginning of the Muslim Era.
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Uthman
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Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan
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Siffin
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fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party
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Mu'awiya
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Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civi war with Ali.
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Karbala
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Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate
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Jizya
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head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories
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Abbasids
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a member of a dynasty of caliphs ruling at Baghdad, a.d. 750-1258, governing most of the Islamic world and claiming descent from Abbas, uncle of Muhammad.
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Wazir
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helper ("right-hand man") for a high-ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or minister, often to a Muslim monarch such as a Caliph or Sultan.
