question

Which concept refers to the biological distinction between males and females?

answer

sex

question

Which concept refers to genitals that distinguish females and males?

answer

primary sex characteristics

question

The development of breasts in females and deeper voices in males are examples of

answer

secondary sex characteristics.

question

Which concept refers to humans who are born with a combination of female and male sex characteristics?

answer

intersexual

question

Comparative research indicates that

answer

although sex has a biological foundation, sexual practices vary from place to place as an element of the culture.

question

One cultural universal is the incest taboo, which is a norm forbidding

answer

sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives.

question

About what share of the states in this country have laws that permit marriage or some type of marriage between first cousins?

answer

around half of the states

question

Thinking about sexual patterns among U.S. adults, which of the following statements is correct?

answer

The frequency of sexual activity varies widely in the U.S. population.

question

Which of the following concepts refers to a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person?

answer

sexual orientation

question

Sexual attraction to someone of the same sex is called

answer

homosexuality

question

Sexual attraction to people of both sexes is called

answer

bisexuality

question

Sarah feels little or no sexual attraction to people of either sex. Her sexual orientation is called

answer

asexuality

question

The majority of evidence indicates that sexual orientation is rooted in

answer

human biology, although social experience plays some role.

question

The concept "homophobia" refers to

answer

fear of close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual.

question

If you were teaching a class about the symbolic-interaction approach to sexuality, on which of the following topics would you likely focus?

answer

how individuals in various settings engage in different sexual behavior and attach different meanings to sexual activity.

question

Which theoretical approach points to the ways in which sexuality is linked to social inequality?

answer

the social-conflict approach

question

From a global perspective, prostitution is MOST common in

answer

poor nations, where women have fewer economic opportunities.

question

Which of the following statements about rape is NOT true?

answer

In most cases of rape, the victim does not know the attacker.

question

Which theoretical approach rests on the idea that society needs to regulate human sexuality?

answer

the structural-functional approach

question

The more global view of sexuality

answer

the more variety we see in the meanings people attach to sexuality

question

The existence of the Muxes in Mexico shows that there can be more than two gender categories.

answer

True

question

Teenage pregnancy raises the risk of girls not finishing school and becoming poor.

answer

True

question

The U.S. rate of teenage pregnancy was actually higher in the 1950's than it is today.

answer

True

question

Heterosexism refers to rejecting or stigmatizing anyone who is not heterosexual.

answer

True

question

The structural-functional approach highlights patterns of inequality that are linked to sexuality.

answer

False

question

Which of the following concepts refers to "the recognized violation of cultural norms"?

answer

deviance

question

"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime

answer

refers to a violation of norms enacted into law.

question

What concept refers to the formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials?

answer

the criminal justice system

question

Read the four statements below. Which comes closest to the correct view of the role of biology in causing people to commit crimes?

answer

Biological factors may affect behavior, but research puts greater emphasis on social influences

question

In Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, which of the following concepts refers to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them?

answer

innovation

question

According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based primarily on

answer

differences in power between various categories of people.

question

Which of the following concepts refers to crime committed by persons of high social position during the course of their occupations?

answer

white-collar crime

question

Which of the following refers to the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on behalf of a corporation?

answer

corporate crime

question

Organized crime refers to

answer

any business that supplies illegal goods or services.

question

A hate crime is defined as

answer

a criminal act motivated by racial or other types of prejudice.

question

Which of the following statements is correct?

answer

Women commit far fewer crimes than men.

question

In legal terms, a crime is composed of which two components?

answer

the act and criminal intent

question

"Crimes against the person" includes all of the following EXCEPT

answer

burglary

question

Mike reports the theft of his dirt bike from the front yard of his house. The police would record this as which of the following types of crime?

answer

larceny-theft

question

Criminal statistics gathered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation reflect

answer

offenses known to the police

question

Men, who represent about half the U.S. population, account for about _____ of all arrests for property crime

answer

62 percent

question

Every society tries to regulate the behavior of individuals; this general process is called

answer

social control.

question

In the United States, men account for about _____ of all arrests for violent crime.

answer

about 80 percent

question

The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply

answer

during the late teenage years.

question

The concept of due process refers to

answer

the criminal justice system operating within the bounds of the law.

question

Most criminal cases handled by the criminal justice system in the United States are resolved

answer

through plea bargaining.

question

A judge sentences a young man who has committed several crimes to counseling and places him in a supportive foster home. Which of the following concepts describes these efforts to prevent further wrongdoing?

answer

rehabilitation

question

The concept criminal recidivism refers to

answer

young people growing up in a criminal environment

question

Which of the following are advantages of community-based corrections?

answer

All of the above are correct

question

In the United States, even though the crime rate has gone down in recent years, the number of people in prison has gone up.

answer

True

question

A caste system is defined as

answer

social stratification based on ascription, or birth

question

If you lived in a society with a traditional caste system, you would expect your marriage to be

answer

endogamous

question

Japan, Canada, and the nations of Western Europe are all classified as

answer

high-income countries

question

One good indication that caste still operates in the United Kingdom is the importance people attach to

answer

accent in speech

question

Social stratification is a concept that refers to

answer

ranking categories of people in a hierarchy

question

The concept of structural social mobility refers to

answer

change in the social position of many people due to changes in society itself.

question

The concept "meritocracy" refers to social stratification

answer

based entirely on personal merit.

question

The point of the story about passenger deaths that accompanied the sinking of the ocean liner Titanic is that

answer

social stratification is important and can sometimes be a matter of life and death.

question

Which of the following concepts refers to change in social position during a person's lifetime?

answer

intragenerational social mobility

question

Which of the following concepts refers to the historical practice in England of passing on property to only the first-born male descendant?

answer

the law of primogeniture

question

Work involving mostly mental activity is called

answer

white-collar work

question

Absolute poverty is

answer

life threatening

question

According to Immanuel Wallerstein's theory of global capitalism, which nations are at the "core" of the world economy?

answer

high-income nations

question

According to dependency theory, poor countries have become dependent on rich nations because

answer

they sell raw materials to rich nations

question

Dependency theory differs from modernization theory by

answer

explaining global inequality in terms of the exploitation of poor countries by rich countries.

question

If you wanted to visit the world's low-income nations, where would you travel?

answer

Africa and Asia

question

In 2011, how many nations were there in the world?

answer

195

question

In middle-income nations, average personal income is in the range of

answer

$2,500 and $12,000

question

In past centuries, European nations colonized countries in

answer

All of these are correct

question

Modernization theory claims that

answer

the main causes of poverty involve culture and technology.

question

The concept of "colonialism" refers to the process by which

answer

some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others

question

The concept of "neocolonialism" refers to the process by which

answer

multinational corporations exploit the economy of a poor country

question

Which type of slavery consists of employers holding workers by paying them too little to cover their debts?

answer

debt bondage

question

Which type of slavery refers to one person owning another?

answer

chattel slavery

question

"Las Colonias" refers to settlements

answer

All of these are correct.

question

Gender affects the opportunities and constraints each of us encounter throughout our lives.

answer

True

question

On average, males are both taller and heavier than females

answer

True

question

In the United States, on average, males live longer than females

answer

False

question

Sexism is the assertion that one sex is innately superior to the other

answer

True

question

Most sociological research suggests that gender is socially constructed and is therefore subject to change

answer

True

question

In the United States, administrative support jobs and service jobs have a high concentration of women

answer

True

question

Corporate women still encounter a "glass ceiling" that often prevents them from being promoted to high levels in the company.

answer

True

question

In the United States, women gained the right to vote in 1820

answer

False

question

In 2011, women were a majority of people elected to Congress

answer

False

question

In general, western states have a higher percentage of legislators who are women than southern states.

answer

True

question

The concept of gender refers to

answer

The personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male.

question

Comparing the performances of female and male athletes over time shows

answer

women have been closing the gap with men in most athletic performances.

question

The point of describing gender in the Israeli kibbutzim is to show that

answer

cultures define gender in different ways.

question

Margaret Mead's research on gender in three societies in New Guinea illustrates that

answer

traits that are defined as feminine in one society may be masculine in another

question

Which of the following concepts refers to social organization in which males dominate females?

answer

patriarchy

question

Based on the map and discussion in the text, in which of the following regions do women have the lowest social standing?

answer

Africa

question

Which concept refers to attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex?

answer

gender roles

question

The concept of "glass ceiling" refers to

answer

the barrier that prevents women from being promoted.

question

Overall in the US, in which of the following job categories are the workers mostly women?

answer

elementary school teachers

question

Which of the following is an important exception to male domination of the U.S. workplace?

answer

Women now own more than 10 million entrepreneurial businesses.

question

The concept of "comparable worth" means that

answer

people should be paid according to the level of skill and responsibility involved in the work

question

Which factor accounts for the GREATEST share of the difference in the earnings of working women and men in the United States?

answer

the type of work men and women do

question

In 2011, women held about what share of seats in Congress?

answer

17 percent

question

In which of the following nations does the political power of women come closest to that of men?

answer

Norway

question

Most cases of female genital mutilation occur in

answer

Africa.

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