question

IRB stands for _____.

answer

Institutional Review Board

question

When asked who you think will win the next presidential election, you reply that you do not know. However, after the election results are reported, you claim that it was obvious all along. This is an example of the

answer

Hindsight bias

question

Which one of the following is one of the purposes of a hypothesis according to the text?

answer

Hypotheses allow researchers to define the relationship between two or more variables.

question

What is the central principle of informed consent?

answer

The idea that potential participants should know enough about the study to make a choice about whether to participate.

question

Another name for the "I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon" is the

answer

Hindsight bias

question

Description of behavior in a realistic context and without affecting the situation are the goals of ___________.

answer

Naturalistic observation

question

Survey respondents are allowed to decide entirely for themselves whether or not they want to participate in a survey is called:

answer

self-selection bias

question

A major drawback to self-selection bias in survey research is that ____.

answer

Researchers cannot generalize results

question

Theories help social psychologists _____ their observations and _____ their hypotheses.

answer

organize; test

question

What makes meta-analytic findings so convincing to scientists?

answer

The computation of multiple investigations lead to a statement of the overall conclusions of the research.

question

Research on the wording of survey questions suggests that

answer

how questions are worded can influence how they are answered.

question

Mr. Brown has gathered evidence that the self-esteem of students is negatively correlated with their typical levels of anxiety. Before he uses this evidence to conclude that self-esteem reduces anxiety, Mr. Brown should first be reminded that:

answer

correlation does not prove causation.

question

What is the main challenge with correlational research?

answer

Inferring the reason for the relationship

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_____ is an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

answer

informed consent

question

Stacey suggests that because children are more impulsive than adults, they will have more difficulty controlling their anger. Stacey's prediction regarding anger management exemplifies:

answer

Correct a hypothesis

question

A social psychologists finds that the higher the temperature, the more violent crimes. This is an example of ____.

answer

positive correlation

question

A study finds that the greater the competitive behavior among female supervisors, the lower their ethical behavior. This is an example of a:

answer

Negative correlation

question

Archival research is the study of which of the following

answer

Already-existing records

question

As which of the following can a hypothesis be described?

answer

A testable prediction about a specific outcome.

question

If you ask conservative, liberal, and independent voters their opinions of political candidates, rather than just conservative voters, you are attempting to ensure that your sample is ____ .

answer

representative

question

Although not everyone answers a mail survey, it is reasonable to assume that those who do responds are different in important ways from those who do not respond. The term used to describe this problem in survey research is

answer

selection bias

question

You have just participated in a research study that required you to choose which picture you preferred among several pairs. At the end of the study, the researcher explained that she was trying to identify correlations between age, gender, and racial groups when making preferences. The researcher's disclosing of the true purpose of the study is part of the ____ process.

answer

debriefing

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Professor Carter observes and records the behavior of grocery shoppers as they select items to purchase. Which type of research is Professor Carter employing?

answer

naturalistic observation

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In order to determine whether or not changing one variable (such as education) will produce changes in another (such as income), one needs to conduct _______ research.

answer

Experimental

question

A sample in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion is called a _____ sample.

answer

random

question

Random selection ensures that the results are ____.

answer

generalizable

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The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates in a study is called the ______ variable.

answer

independent

question

What is a sample?

answer

A representation from a defined population

question

A researcher compares the results of several investigations on rural bystander apathy. This type of research is called ____.

answer

meta analysis

question

Why can experiments show the cause of a behavior?

answer

They isolate the effect of a single variable.

question

You conduct a study that examines the role of exercise on depression alleviation. You assign the first 50 people who are motivated to sign up to the experimental group, and the second group of 50 people, who sign up much later, to the control group. After one month, you find that the experimental group (who exercised three times a week on average) is significantly less depressed than the control group (who exercised one time a week on average). Although you may be tempted to conclude that exercise helps stave off depression, you cannot because of a lack of ____ in your study.

answer

random assignment

question

The research method than can provide cause-and-effect relationships is _____.

answer

Experimental Research

question

Deception in an experiment is

answer

Used only if it is essential and justified

question

A major drawback to self-selection bias in survey research is that ____

answer

Researchers cannot generalize results

question

Standing in the campus courtyard with a clipboard to record your observations of university students' usage of cellular phones is an example of what type of research?

answer

Naturalistic observation

question

A _____ is an organized set of concepts tied together in a logical way that can explain and predict observed events.

answer

theory

question

Suppose an instructor asks all the students who are failing a class if they believe the course is too difficult, and he find that they indeed think it is. Although the instructor has conducted a basic survey, the results of it are limited because the sample is not _____ .

answer

representative

question

Which of these steps comes earliest in the research process?

answer

Identify the problem through a review past research

question

Which if the following is NOT a benefit of observational research?

answer

Ability to maintain careful control

question

Which of the following correlations provide the most accurate information?

answer

None of the above

question

A major requirement of the ethical principles of social-psychological research is that the researcher

answer

protect participants from harm and significant discomfort

question

A letter comes in the mail informing John that he was accepted into a college. When he tells his mother she says, "I really had a feeling that you were going to get in" (even though she had expressed doubts to his father earlier that week). This is an example of a(an):

answer

hindsight bias

question

Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors while controlling others describes what type of research?

answer

experimental research

question

We are shopping for a bicycle and we see an ad for one at 30% off, we will approach that item with the impression that it is a great deal, even though it may still be more expensive than other bikes and may be out of our budget. This bicycle store manager is well-aware of the concept of:

answer

anchoring bias

question

You are interested in finding out the effect that crowding has on people's moods. You conduct a study in a psychology research lab using two types of participants - participants who have to wait in a crowded waiting room before completing a measure of their mood, and participants who wait in an empty room before completing the same measure. Which type of research did you conduct?

answer

Experimental research

question

What is the relationship between a hypothesis and a theory?

answer

A theory generates a hypothesis.

question

A serious shortcoming of a correlational study is that it cannot

answer

identify which variables causes the other variable

question

A testable prediction that describes a relationship, which may exist between events is a

answer

hypothesis

question

Which of the following is true in naturalistic observation?

answer

The researcher is as unobtrusive as possible.

question

Why do researchers use deception?

answer

They worry that participants will not behave naturally if they know the purpose of the study.

question

The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition is referred to as

answer

random assignment

question

A major limitation of archival research is ___.

answer

selective deposit

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