The Industrial Revolution Critical Essay – Flashcards

larger fields which wealthy landowners enclosed with fences or hedges; it made it so they could cultivate larger fields and use new seeding and harvesting methods. landowners experimented to discover more productive farming methods to boost crop fields

important because different crops being grown would allow for the land to lose and gain nutrients

the process of developing machine production of goods

LAND LABOR CAPITAL 1: technology (gov't encouraged) 2: capital ($) 3: labor 4: natural resources (land) 5: markets (places to sell) 6: efficient transportation 7: favorable social & political climate

large buildings that wealthy textile merchants set up. they would hold spinning machines

a person who organizes, manages, and takes risks of a business

city building and movement of people to cities

a social class in Britain made up of wealthy people like skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers they grew wealthier than aristocrats and landowners ; landowners looked down on them and 1800 rich entrepreneurs were considered the social equals of the lords of the countryside

a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference; it favors a free market unregulated by the gov't; comes from "let people do as they please"

-professor at the University of glasgow, Scotland- defended the idea of a free economy or free markets -wrote The Wealth of Nations; according to him, economic liberty guaranteed economic progress and the gov't should not be involved in the economy

an economic system in which money is invested in business ventures with the goal of making profit -without wars and epidemics to kill off extra people, they were destined to be poor and miserable -in a market system, if there are many workers and abundant resources, labor and resources are cheap -wages should be forced down as population increased -creating minimum wage laws and better working conditions would upset the free market system, lower profits, and undermine the production of wealth in society

-people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness -the government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people, this is the way a gov't policy would only be useful -the individual should be free to pursue his or her own advantage without interference from the state -it is wrong for workers to lead poor lives (starvation) -more equal division in profits, women's rights -pushed for reforms in the legal and prison systems and in education

-the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all -grew out of an optimistic view of human nature, belief in progress, and concern for social justice -gov't should actively plan the economy and not just depend on free-market capitalism -gov't control of factories, mines, railroads, and key industries would abolish poverty and promote equality -public ownership would help the workers who were at mercy of greedy employers

he introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism -argued that human societies have always been divided into warring classes -in their own time, these were middle-class "haves" called employers or bourgeoise; "have-nots" which were workers called the proletariat -industrial rev had enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor -believed the capitalist system would eventually destroy itself

the final phase of capitalist self destruction -a form of complete socialism in which the means of production- land, mines, factories, railroads, and business would be owned by the people -private property would not exist ; all goods and services would be shared equally

voluntary associations which workers joined together to press for reforms in the 1800s

negotiations between workers and their employers

refuse to work by workers; (if factory owners refused the demands of better working conditions and higher pay)

the "have-nots" according the Marx

a pamphlet written by Marx which outlined Marx and Engel's arguments

-large population of workers -natural resources: 1: water power and coal to fuel the new machines 2: iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings 3: rivers for inland transportation 4: harbors for merchant ships to sail -expanding economy to support industrialization -highly developed banking system which encouraged to invest in new machinery -overseas trade -economic prosperity -climate of progress contributed to increased demand for goods -parliament passed laws which protected business and helped expansion -military and political success

-seed drill: more efficient way of sowing seeds; larger share of seed germinated which boosted crop yields -crop rotation: kept the soil full of nutrients when it lost them -flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule: all helped to develop better machines for textile industry -cotton gin: multiplied amount of cotton that could be cleaned -steam engine: transportation -canals & roads & railroad

Social: The social impact was that it basically changed the way people lived and worked. It brought about the new social classes (of capitalist, factory workers and later, middle class society.) the negative effect is that it led to the exploitation of the weaker sections of the society. The political impact is that, as the government policy of the early years of industrialisation was based on a theory of 'laissez faire' or 'let us alone', an idea of the famous economist, adam smith. According to this political theory, business men should be free to look after their own interest and that the government was not to interfere with the business of the private industry. Only the unwritten law of supply and demand determines the size of profits. The same law would also determine the fate of the worker, his salary and working conditions. After this, labourers later formed unions which went on strike and they turned out to get violent. In mid 19th century, the greatest threat to captalism came in the form of an alternative theory known as marxism or communism, put forward by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. Economic:

-immigrant labor -rich deposits of iron ore & coal -water power rivers -timber-shipbuilding -petroleum fuel -US gov't placed tariffs on goods-protectionism -railroads

-European merchants started to adopt to Britain's profitable new methods of manufacturing goods BELGIUM: rich deposits of iron and coal and waterways; they got secrets for building spinning machinery machinery, steam engines, and railway locomotives GERMANY: pockets of industrialization appeared in coal areas; copied British model and imported equipment and engineers; children sent to England to learn industry; built railroads that linked cities; economic strength spurred ability as military power EUROPE: agricultural pocketed cities still had pockets or industrialization; continual growth led to railroads

-shifted the world balance of power -widened gap between industrialized and non-industrialized countries while strengthening economic ties -industrialized countries viewed poor countries as markets for their manufactured goods ==> large equality -European countries began seizing colonies for economic resources -imperialism gave more wealth; imperialism born

Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo: in favor of free government Malthus: poverty & misery avoidable because population increasnig faster than food supply; checks: wars, diseases, famines; urged families to have less children David Ricardo: agreed w/ Malthus; said that when the population increases the wages go down Jeremy Benthan & John Stuart Mill- utilitarians Marx: socialism

-the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all -grew out of an optimistic view of human nature, belief in progress, and concern for social justice -gov't should actively plan the economy and not just depend on free-market capitalism -gov't control of factories, mines, railroads, and key industries would abolish poverty and promote equality -public ownership would help the workers who were at mercy of greedy employers

Socialism -the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all -grew out of an optimistic view of human nature, belief in progress, and concern for social justice -gov't should actively plan the economy and not just depend on free-market capitalism -gov't control of factories, mines, railroads, and key industries would abolish poverty and promote equality -public ownership would help the workers who were at mercy of greedy employers Capitalism an economic system in which money is invested in business ventures with the goal of making profit -without wars and epidemics to kill off extra people, they were destined to be poor and miserable -in a market system, if there are many workers and abundant resources, labor and resources are cheap -wages should be forced down as population increased -creating minimum wage laws and better working conditions would upset the free market system, lower profits, and undermine the production of wealth in society

Unionization occurred when workers joined together for better working conditions; it underwent a slow and painful growth because the gov't denied the right to form unions because they were a threat to social stability; goals were to raise wages and improve working conditions ; AFT formed -Parliament passed the Factory Act of 1833 for children and they passed a bill for working women -the Ten Hours Act of 1847 limited the workday to ten hours for women and children in factories LEGISLATION passed to protect child workers; the National Child Labor Committee to end labor; these groups pressured politicians to ban child labor and set max working hours

-abolition of slavery started in The British empire and spread to the United States and new class of industrialists developed supported cheap labor rather than slave labor ... eventually labor abolished everywhere -women fought for change; women who stayed home made less many than women who stayed in factories but factory workers made less than 1/3 that men did ; began to wonder why their own rights were denied on the basis of gender -public education and prison reform

1: water power and coal to fuel machines 2: iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings 3: rivers for inland transportation 4: harbors from which its merchant ships set sail

landowners could cultivate larger fields by using new seeding and harvesting methods; landowners experimented to discover more productive farming methods to boost crop yields Results:1: landowners experiments with new agriculture methods 2: large landownrs forced small farmers to become tenant farmers and give up farming and move to the cities

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- no sanitary codes or building controls -lack of adequate housing, education, and police protection -lack of running water and indoor plumbing -frequent epidemics sweeping through slums -eventually, better housing, healthier diets, and cheaper clothing

in the past, landowners and aristocrats occupied the top position in society (with wealth comes power); now some factory owners, merchants, and investments bankers grew wealthier than the landowners and aristocrats -gradually a larger middle class emerged with upper middle class of gov't employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers of mines, factories and shops; the lower middle class had factory overseers like skilled toolmakers, mechanical drafters, and printers -no improvements to life of poor

-pollution: -coal blackened the air -textile dyes and wastes poisoned Manchester's Irwell River

- Britain had, at the time, a comparatively stable economy - Britain's government was also stable - Transportation is easier due to oceans and inland waterways - Wealthy class and middle class were quite large = more investors/consumers - Laissez-faire economics gave Britain an edge compared to mercantilist countries

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-industrialization widened the gap between industrialized and non-industrialized countries -industrialized countries viewed poor countries as markets for their manufactured products because industrialization requires a steady supply of raw materials and lands

the "haves" or employers called the bourgeoisie against the "have nots" or workers called the proletariat while the wealthy controlled the means of producing goods, the poor performed backbreaking labor under terrible conditions

-women formed unions in the trades where they dominated; some women served as safety inspectors in factories where other women worked -college-educated women ran settlement houses which served the poor residents of slum neighborhoods -movement for women's rights began in the US 1848 -women activists around the world joined to found the International Council for Women where 27 delegates and observers attended the 1899 meeting