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demographics

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Vital statistics that characterize human populations, including age, gender, ethnicity, and so forth. Often generated from population census data, can be used to project future trends and needs of relevance to educators.

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social institutions

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A formal, recognized, established, and stabilized way of pursuing some activity in society.

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internalized rules

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Social institutions in a society provide Internalized rules, or norms, of behavior

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norms

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Accepted ways of agreed-upon behavior that enable similar groups of people to function in a similar manner.

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clash of cultures

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Refers to the fact that the majority of teachers are European-American, while students reflect a far greater cultural diversity.

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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1896 Supreme Court decision ruled that the "separate but equal" doctrine was constitutional.

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

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1954 Supreme Court decision that ruled that the "separate but equal" doctrine was inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional.

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least restrictive environment

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The requirements of federal special education legislation that requires that students with disabilities the educated as much as individually appropriate in "regular" or "typical" Learning environments along with peers who do not have disabilities.

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I.D.E.A.

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individuals with disabilities education act, provides federal mandate guaranteeing Free Appropriate Public Education to every student who has a disability

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A.D.A.

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Americans With Disabilities Act. Legislation passed in 1990 that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities.

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All Handicapped Children Act

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A 1975 federal law which mandated a free and appropriate public education must be provided for all handicapped children between the ages of 5 and 21.

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subcultures

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A social group with shared characteristics that distinguish it in someway from the larger cultural group or society in which it is embedded. Distinguished either by a unifying set of ideas and/or practices (such as the corporate culture or the drug culture) or buy some demographic characteristic (such as the adolescent culture or the culture of poverty).

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microcultures

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A social group that shares distinctive traits, values, and behaviors that set it apart from the parent macro culture of which it is a part. Seems to imply a greater linkage with the parent culture and often mediate the ideas, values, and institutions of the larger political community.

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ethnic groups

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the native country of one's ancestors -people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture.

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socialization

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general process of learning the social norms of the culture

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ethnocentrism

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the inability to view other cultures as equally viable alternatives for organizing realitiy

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stereotypes

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Beliefs about the personal attributes of a group based on the inaccurate generalizations used to describe all members of the group, thus ignoring individual differences.

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prejudice

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negative attitude about a general group of people

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bias

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prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

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acculturation

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The changes that take place as a result of continuous firsthand contact between individuals of different cultures; usually refers to the experiences of adults.

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culture-general themes

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Cross-cultural concepts that apply to the kinds of interactions and experiences people are likely to encounter regardless of the groups that are interacting.

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pluralistic society

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a diverse society, where the people in it believe all kinds of different things and tolerate each other's beliefs even when they don't match their own.

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interculturally competent

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the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately with people of other cultures

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prejudice formation

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formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason

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Globalization

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The process by which nations of the world become connected and interdependent through ties created by electronic communication, rapid means of travel, and interlocking economies.

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school prayer decision in 1963

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Abington v. Schmepp

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Abington v. Schmepp

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Supreme Court case in which the Court decided 8-1 in favor of the respondent, Edward Schempp, and declared school-sponsored Bible reading in public schools in the United States to be unconstitutional.

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Learning Community classrooms

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is a group of people who share common academic goals and attitudes, who meet semi-regularly to collaborate on classwork.

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Black English (ebonics)

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A systematic and rule-governed variety of English (dialect), with regular grammar and pronunciation patterns; spoken by many African-Americans in the United States. Also known as "African American Vernacular English" (AAVE) and "Vernacular Black English".

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learning styles

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is an individual's unique approach to learning based on strengths, weaknesses, and preferences.

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differences between sex & gender

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Gender: the cultural differences of men and women, which define the characteristics behind the meaning of being a female or male. Sex: Biology and anatomy of a person.

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gender-role socialization

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The process by which young children acquire the knowledge and internalize the values of socially determined sex roles.

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Title XI, Education Amendment Act (1972)

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differential, stereotypical, and discriminatory treatment of students on the basis of their gender

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DAP Developmentally appropriate practices

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Instructional practices that are organized and designed on the basis of the H and development of the student.

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NAEYC National Association for Education of Young Children

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is a large nonprofit association in the United States representing early childhood education teachers, para-educators, center directors, trainers, college educators, families of young children, policy makers, and advocates. NAEYC is focused on improving the well-being of young children, with particular emphasis on the quality of educational and developmental services for children from birth through age 8.

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sensitive periods and critical periods

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Are points in the course of development when certain kinds of learning occur most readily

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normalization

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A philosophical view that the lives of exceptional individuals, of any age, should be characterized as much as possible by the same kinds of experiences, daily routine's, and rhythms as those of persons who do not have disabilities.

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Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) (P.L. 94-142)

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The requirement of federal special education legislation that requires that students with disabilities be educated as much as is individually appropriate in "regular" or "typical" learning environments along with peers who do not have disabilities.

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Individuals with Disabilities Act - IDEA

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Amended public law 94.142 to add students with autism and traumatic brain injury and set funding formulas. Also extended the age span covered 3-21. Social work and rehab TBI and autism Due process

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Individual Education Plan - IEP

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A formal plan for instruction mandated by laws governing special education that sets forth the educational needs of the student, the goals and objectives that direct his or her program, the educational programming and placement, and the evaluation and measurement criteria that have been agreed-upon by a team encompassing appropriate school personnel, parents, and when appropriate, the individual student her or himself.

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social class

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Some sort of hierarchical stratification or "layering" of people in social groups, communities, and societies.

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social status

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hierarchical position determined not so much by one's wealth but by prestige, social esteem, and honor accorded within one's own social milieu

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