Flashcards – Sociology Final Exam
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The sacred impersonal force that Melanesians believed could reside in people, animals, plants, and objects is known as
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mana
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What is the term for supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims?
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magic
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What is the term that describes something set apart as sacred and off-limits to ordinary people?
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taboo
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For which kind of practice would the practitioner need to collect nails or hair from a particular person?
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contagious magic
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What are the formal, stylized, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors performed in special places at set times?
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rituals
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All of the following may occur during the liminal phase of a rite of passage except
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no changed in lifestyle or behavior occur
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The intense community spirit and feeling of solidarity that results from experiencing a rite of passage together is known as
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communitas
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Which type of religion is most characteristic of foraging societies?
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shamanic
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What are the two largest religions in the world today, in terms of number of practitioners?
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christianity and islam
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Which type of religion includes pantheons of powerful anthropomorphic gods with specialized functions?
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olympian
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Which of the following would not be considered shamans?
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priests
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Full-time, professional priests are found in which types of religion?
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olympian and monotheistic
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Which of the following is not an example of a revitalization movement?
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the incorporation of local architectural elements in mosques built throughout the world
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Which of the following is not true about religion?
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it is a cultural generality
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The term best used to describe a single world system committed to production for sale or exchange, with the object of maximizing profits rather than supplying domestic needs, is
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capitalist world economy
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The term best used to describe a world in which there is a substantial contrast between both capitalists and workers in the core nations and workers on the periphery is
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world stratification system
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which of the following statements concerning periphery nations is true?
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The periphery produces raw materials and agricultural commodities for export to the core and the semiperiphery.
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Which of the following best describes the current position of Brazil in the world system?
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semiperiphery
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the Industrial Revolution started in England, rather than in France, for all of the following reasons except
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france had better access to trade
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Weber's three dimensions of social stratification are
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death, power, and prestige
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Marx referred to the class of people who owned the means of production as the
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bourgeoisie
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Which of the following statements concerning the middle class is not true?
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Modern stratification systems are becoming simpler and more dichotomous because of the rise of the middle class.
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The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time is called
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colonialism
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A policy of extending the rule of a nation or empire over foreign nations and of taking and holding foreign colonies is called
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imperialism
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Which of the following is not mentioned in the textbook as an example of an empire?
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Yanomami empire
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What were the two forms of colonial rule used by the French?
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direct and indirect rule
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What is an intervention philosophy?
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an ideological justification for outsiders to guide native groups in specific directions
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What was the British empire's intervention philosophy?
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the white mans burden
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The currently dominant intervention philosophy, based on the idea that governments should not regulate private enterprise and that free market forces should rule, is called
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neoliberalism
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Which of the following refers to an identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation?
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ethnicity
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What is the difference between ethnicity and race?
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A race is an ethnic group that is assumed to have a biological basis.
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According to social scientists, what is status?
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Status encompasses the various positions that people occupy in society.
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Some statuses are mutually exclusive while others are contextual. What is the term for cases when one identity is used in a certain setting, and another in a different setting?
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situational negotiation of social identity
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Social race differs from biological race in that
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social race is a cultural construction that is based on arbitrary distinctions.
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Which of the following statements regarding hypodescent is not true?
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It has brought about the formation of intermediate racial categories.
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Which of the following statements regarding burakumin is true?
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They typically perform manual labor to make a living
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Compared to systems of racial classification in the United States and Japan, the Brazilian system of racial classification
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is considerably more fluid.
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What is discrimination?
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The policies and practices that harm a group and its members.
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De facto discrimination refers to
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discrimination that is practiced but not legally sanctioned.
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Which of the following statements regarding the Basques is not true?
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Basque culture was celebrated under the Franco dictatorship.
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The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time is known as
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colonialism
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Which of the following statements regarding assimilation is not true?
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Like Brazil, the United States is an assimilationist society.
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combines ethnic contrasts and economic interdependence of the ethnic groups.
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plural society
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Which of the following statements about multiculturalism is not true?
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Multiculturalism is best represented by the "melting pot" model.
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The traits that a culture assigns to and inculcates in males and females are known as
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gender
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which of the following is not a factor contributing to the worldwide increase in female-headed households?
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lower divorce rates
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When did the idea that "a woman's place is in the home" develop in the United States?
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around 1900
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the idea that intensive agriculture does not necessarily entail sharp gender stratification
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the Betsileo illustrate
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Which of the following did not occur with the advent of agriculture?
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Women began to assert themselves in extradomestic contexts.
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Which of the following statements about Etoro sexuality is not true?
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Heterosexual sex took place in the residence of the wife's family.
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What part of Papua New Guinea is known for having strong male-female avoidance?
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the densely populated highlands
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Which of the following is not part of the patrilineal-patrilocal complex?
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reduced gender stratification
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A political system ruled by men in whom women have inferior social and political status, including basic human rights, is known as
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patriarchy
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Which of the following statements about matrilineal, matrilocal societies is not true?
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In matrilineal and matrilocal societies, while women have considerable influence beyond the household, men still control the land and are the sole benefactors of family inheritance.
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Which of the following statements about gender in foraging societies is not true?
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Because there is a strict division of labor according to gender, men never engage in food gathering and women never hunt or fish
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Which of the following statements regarding the domestic-public dichotomy is not true?
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It is most pronounced in foraging societies.
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In foraging societies, when do men and women have roughly equal status?
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when the public and domestic spheres are not sharply divided
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differences in male and female biology besides the contrasts in breasts and genitals
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sexual dimorphism
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Which of the following statements concerning human sexuality is not true?
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All societies consider same-sex sexual activity to be abnormal and unacceptable.
