Essay about Test 1 – Flashcards
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dimensions of communication contexts,
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Social-psychological Temporal or time dimension Cultural dimension
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Social-psychological-dimension
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includes the status relationships among the participants : distinctions such as who is the employer and who is the employee who is the salesperson and who is the storeowner
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Temporal or time dimension
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where a particular message fits into a sequence of commmincation events: telling a joke about a sickness right after a friend tells you she is sick the joke will be perceived differently
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Cultural dimension
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consists of the rules ,norms , beliefs, and attitudes of the people communicating that are passed form one generation to another ex: in some cultures its considered nice to talk to strangers...in others its not.
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. Elements of interpersonal communication
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Source- receiver- Messages Feedback- Feedback- Feed forward Channel- Context Competence-
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Source- receiver-
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Source (formulates and sends messages) Receiver (receives and understands messages
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Messages
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-express your feelings and thoughts that must be received
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Channel
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- medium in which the message goes through
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Context
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-environment that influences the form and the content of communication.
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Encoders
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- those e who put their meanings into a code ex: you use words and gestures for which both you and the other person have similar meanings
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Decoders
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-taking the meaning out of something speaking in a language that only one of your listeners knows
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Feedback
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( you can have self-feedback in which you hear what you say and feel and correct yourself and you can get feedback from other
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Feed forward
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(conveys information about messages before you send them
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. Definition of "channels" of communication
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mediums through which messages before you send them.
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Principles of interpersonal communication
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power, purposeful, package of signals, involves content and relationship messages, process of adjustment, , ambiguous, punctuated is inevitable, irreversible and unrepeatable.
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Different types of noise
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Physical noise Physiological noise Psychological noise Semantic noise
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Physical noise
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interference that is external to both speaker and listener, hampers the physical transmission of the signal or message and includes impediments (illegible handwriting blurred typing)
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Physiological noise
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-created by barriers within the sender or receiver and includes impairments such as loss of vision hearing loss, articulation problem
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Psychological noise
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- is mental interference in speaker or listener and includes preconceived ideas wandering thoughts biases and prejudices
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Semantic noise
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- interference created when the speaker and listener have different meaning systems
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Enculturation
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- process by which you learn the culture into which you're born ( your native culture). You develop an ethnic identity (commitment to the beliefs and philosophy of your culture)
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Acculturation
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- the process by which you learn the rules and norms of a culture different for your native culture. Your original or native culture is modified through direct contact with or exposure to a new or different culture.
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Ethnocentrism
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- the tendency to see others and their behaviors through your own culture filters, often as distortions of your own behaviors, the tendency to evaluate the values and beliefs of your own culture more positively than those of another culture.
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When you are in a mindful state
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your critical thinking is awakened and you begin to recognize things. Ex other people from other cultures are different but are not inferior or superior.
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When you are in a mindless state
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you behave n accordance with assumptions that would not normally pass intellectual scrutiny Ex: knowing cancer is not contagious but you avoid touching people who have it.
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Interracial- communication
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between races ex: African American and Asian American heritages
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International-communication
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between nations Ex between the United States and Argentina or China and Italy
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Interethnic communication
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-communication between ethnic groups Ex: Italian Americans and German Americans
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High -Context Cultures
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places a great deal of emphasis on the information that is in the context or in the person. Ex: in high-context cultures, information that was communicated in previous interactions or through shared experiences in not explicitly stated in their verbal messages. (collectivist cultures)
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Low-Context Cultures
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-place more emphasis on the information that is explicitly stated in verbal messages or in formal transactions in written(contract) form
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What is the Maxims (Principles)
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Focus on enhancing communication efficiency( how to make messages more easily understood) .
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2 Maxims Princples
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Principles for Communication Efficiency, Principles for Maintaining Relationships
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Principles for Communication Efficiency
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quantity principles , Quality Principle, Relation principles, Manner principle-
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Principles for Maintaining Relationships-
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Peaceful Relations Principle, Self-Denigration Principle- , Politeness principle
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High-Power Distance
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concentrated in the hands of a few and there's a great difference between the power held by these people and the power of the ordinary citizen. Great power differences between students and teachers (students are expected to be modest and polite) teachers are expected to demonstrate their knowledge and command of the subject matter
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Low Power distance
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-Culture in which power is relatively evenly distributed throughout the citizenry. Low power cultures, you are expected to confront a friend, partner or supervisor assertively.
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Cultural Sensitivity
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- attitude and way of behaving in which you're aware of and acknowledge cultural difference.
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ways to improve intercultural communication
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Cultural Sensitivity, Prepare yourself, Reduce your ethnocentrism, Confront your stereotypes, Be mindful, Avoid Over Attribution, Reduce uncertainty, Recognize difference, Adjust your communication, Recognize culture shock Culture Shock
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Culture Shock
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psychological reaction you experience why you encounter a culture very different from yours
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self-denigration
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requires that you avoid taking credit for some accomplishment
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face-saving
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communications that preserve or even enhance a person's self-image and self-respect.
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stereotyping
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fixed impression of a group of people through which we then perceive specific individuals.
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The Johari Window and its 4 quadrants
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Open Self, Blind Self, Hidden Self, and Unknown Self
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Self-awareness and ways of increasing
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Ask yourself about yourself Listen to others Actively seek information about yourself See your different selves Increase your open self
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Ways of increasing self-esteem
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Attack self-destructive beliefs Seek out nourishing people Work on projects that will result in success Remind yourself of your successes Secure affirmation
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4 Stages of interpersonal perception?
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Stimulation, organization, interpretation evaluation, memory, and recall
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Open Self
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information about yourself that you and others know
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Blind Self
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information that you dont know but others know
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Hidden Self
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information that you know but others dont know
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Unknown Self
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information about yourself that neither you now others know
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Affinity-Seeking Strategies
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Behaviors designed to increase interpersonal attractiveness.
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overattribution
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The tendency to attribute all of a person's behavior to one of that person's traits.
