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Psych 210 Chp 4

Donna Chou

22 July 2021

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*Emotion*

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feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being.

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Psychologists classify the crowd range of emotions in many ways, but almost all classifications designate an emotion as either positive (pleasant) or negative (unpleasant).

answer

Positive emotions- happiness, joy, love, and enthusiasm Negative emotions-anxiety, anger, guilt, and sadness

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Emotions are influenced by both _____ foundations and by a person's _______

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1) biological 2) experiences (babies born blind from birth have never observed the smile or frown on anther persons face and frown in the same way that children with normal vision do.)

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Moreover, facial expressions of basic emotions such as happiness, surprise, anger, and fear are the _____ across cultures

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1) same

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Display rules-rules governing when, where, and how emotions should be expressed-are *NOT universal*.

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**researchers found that East Asian infants display less frequent and less intense positive and negative emotions than do non-latino white infants. **East asian parents *encourage* their children to show emotional *reserve* rather than being emotionally expressive

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Emotions infants express in the first 6 months of life include:

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1) surprise 6) fear 2) interest 7) disgust 3) joy 4) anger 5) sadness

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other emotions that appear in infancy normally towards the 2nd half of the first year or during the second year:

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1) jealousy 2) empathy 3) embarrassment 4) pride 5) shame 6) guilt (these emotions have been called self-conscious or other-concious emotions because they involve the emotional reactions of others)

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\"self-conscious emotions*

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emotions that don't occur until after the first year -Jerome Kagan concluded that the structural immaturity of the infant's brain makes it unlikely that emotions that require thought-such as guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy and jealousy

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Not only do parents change their emotional expressions in response to those of their infants, but infants also modify their emotional expressions in response to those of their parents.

answer

because of this coordination, the interactions between parents and infants are described as *reciprocal* or *synchronous*

question

_____ and ______ are two emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with parents.

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1) cries 2) smiles

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_______ is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world.

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1) crying

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*Basic Cry*

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A rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, than a shorter whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry ***some experts believe that hunger is one of the conditions that incite the basic cry

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*Anger Cry*

answer

A variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords

question

*Pain Cry*

answer

A sudden long, initial loud cry followed by the holding of the breath -pain cry may be stimulated by physical pain or by any high-intensity stimulus

question

recent study showed that mothers emotional reactions (anger and anxiety) to crying increased the risk of subsequent attachment insecurity

answer

Another study found that problems in infant soothability at 6 months of age were linked to insecure attachment at 12 months of age

question

*Reflexive Smile*

answer

a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep

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*Social Smile*

answer

A smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in the case of the young infant. occurs as early as two months of age

question

One of a baby's earliest emotions is _______

answer

1) fear typically appears at about 6 months and peaks at about 18 months

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*Stranger Anxiety*

answer

an infant shows fear and wariness of strangers

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*Separation Protest*

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crying when the caregiver leaves (fear of being separated from caregiver) -tend to peak at about 15 months anomy U.S infants

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*Social Referencing*

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involves \"reading\" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

question

Caregivers' actions influence the infants' _________ __________ of emotions

answer

*neurobiological regulation*

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By soothing the infant, caregivers help infants modulate their emotions and reduce the level of stress hormones

answer

psychologists believe it is a *good strategy* for a caregiver to *soothe an infant* before the infant gets into an *intense, agitated, uncontrolled state*

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*Temperament*

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individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding -refers to individual differences in how quickly the emotion is shown, how strong it is, how long it lasts, and how quickly it fades away.

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*3 basic types, or clusters, of temperament*: by Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas

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1) Easy Child 2) Difficult Child 3) Slow-to-warm-up child

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1) *Easy Child*

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child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.

question

2) *Difficult Child*

answer

child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change

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3) *Slow-to-warm-up child*

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child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood

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KAGAN's *Inhibition to the unfamiliar*

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Inhibited children react to many aspects of unfamiliarity with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect, beginning around 7 to 9 months. **shyness/inhibition in infancy/childhood was linked to social anxiety at age 21.

question

Mary Rothbart and John Bates stress that ________ ________ is an important dimension of temperament.

answer

*effortful control* (self-regulation)

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An inhibited temperament is associated with a unique physiological pattern that includes a high and stable heart _____, high levels of the hormone _____, and high activity in the frontal lobe of the brain

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1) rate 2) cortisol

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*Goodness of fit*

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refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with. -baby Jason is active toddler who is made to sit still for long periods and Jack is slow-to-warm up toddler who is abruptly pushed into new situations on regular basis -both toddlers face a lack of fit between their temperament and environmental demands.

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*Personality*

answer

the enduring personal characteristics of individuals

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Erik Erikson (stages of life) first stage

answer

1rst year of life-characterized by the trust vs. mistrust stage of development

question

2nd stage= Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

answer

autonomy builds as infant's mental and motor skills develop -independence is an important issue in the 2nd yr of life -can walk, climb, open and close, drop, push and pull, hold and let go

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SOCIAL ORIENTATION: Infants start to interpret the meaning of facial expressions

answer

*Face-to-Face* play often begins to characterize caregiver-infant interactions when the infant is about 2 or 3 months of age. -between 18 and 24 months, children markedly increase their imitative and reciprocal play-for example, imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running

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LOCOMOTION:

answer

as infants develop the ability to crawl, walk, and run they are able to explore and expand their social world. -these self-produced locomotor skills allow the infant to independently initiate social interactions on a more frequent basis.

question

INTENTION, GOAL DIRECTED BEHAVIOR: ______ _________ and gaze-following help the infant understand that other people have intentions

answer

1) Joint Attention by first birthday infants begun to direct caregivers attention to objects that capture their attention

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*Attachment*

answer

a close emotional bond between two people

question

Harlow's study on monkeys

answer

Harlow removed monkeys from their mothers at birth and placed half with the \"wire\" mother and \"cloth\" mother -regardless of which mother fed them, the monkeys spent more time with the cloth mother -this study demonstrated that feeding is NOT the crucial element in the attachment process and that COMFORT is important.

question

*Bowlby's 4 phases based on conceptualization of attachment*

answer

1) *Phase 1: from birth to 2 months*-infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to direct smiling or crying from infant 2) *Phase 2: from 2 months to 7 months*- attachment focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver-gradually distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people 3) *Phase 3: From 7 to 24 months*-Specific attachment develops. with increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers 4) *Phase 4: From 24 months on*- children become aware of other people's feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take into account their own actions

question

Bowlby argued that infants develop an *Internal Working Model* of attachment

answer

a simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship to him or her, and the self as deserving of nurturant care.

question

*Strange Situation*

answer

an observational measure of infant attachment in which the infant experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.

question

*Securely attached babies*

answer

babies that use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment

question

*Insecure Avoidant Babies*

answer

babies that show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver

question

*Insecure Resistant Babies*

answer

babies that often cling to caregiver and then resist her by fighting against closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away

question

*Insecure Disorganized Babies*

answer

Babies that show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented.

question

Developmental cascade model

answer

involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes

question

THE FAMILY:

answer

family can be thought of as a constellation of *subsystems*- a complex whole made up of interrelated, interconnecting parts-defined in terms of generation, gender, and role -father and child represent one subsystem, the mother and father another; the mother, father, and child represent yet another -these subsystems have *reciprocal* influences on each other

question

Transition to parenthood:

answer

In a longitudinal study-couples from late pregnancy until 3 yrs after baby was born, couples enjoyed more positive marital relations before the baby was born than afterward. -Still, almost one-third reported increase in marital satisfaction

question

*The Bringing Home Project*

answer

workshop for new parents that emphasizes strengthening their relationship with each other, understanding and becoming acquainted with the baby, resolving conflict, and developing parenting skills

question

*Reciprocal Socialization*

answer

socialization that is bidirectional, meaning that children socialize with parents, just as parents socialize with children

question

*Scaffolding*

answer

process in which parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn-taking with the parents. -IMP. form of reciprocal socialization

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question

*Emotion*

answer

feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being.

question

Psychologists classify the crowd range of emotions in many ways, but almost all classifications designate an emotion as either positive (pleasant) or negative (unpleasant).

answer

Positive emotions- happiness, joy, love, and enthusiasm Negative emotions-anxiety, anger, guilt, and sadness

question

Emotions are influenced by both _____ foundations and by a person's _______

answer

1) biological 2) experiences (babies born blind from birth have never observed the smile or frown on anther persons face and frown in the same way that children with normal vision do.)

question

Moreover, facial expressions of basic emotions such as happiness, surprise, anger, and fear are the _____ across cultures

answer

1) same

question

Display rules-rules governing when, where, and how emotions should be expressed-are *NOT universal*.

answer

question

Emotions infants express in the first 6 months of life include:

answer

1) surprise 6) fear 2) interest 7) disgust 3) joy 4) anger 5) sadness

question

other emotions that appear in infancy normally towards the 2nd half of the first year or during the second year:

answer

1) jealousy 2) empathy 3) embarrassment 4) pride 5) shame 6) guilt (these emotions have been called self-conscious or other-concious emotions because they involve the emotional reactions of others)

question

\"self-conscious emotions*

answer

question

Not only do parents change their emotional expressions in response to those of their infants, but infants also modify their emotional expressions in response to those of their parents.

answer

because of this coordination, the interactions between parents and infants are described as *reciprocal* or *synchronous*

question

_____ and ______ are two emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with parents.

answer

1) cries 2) smiles

question

_______ is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world.

answer

1) crying

question

*Basic Cry*

answer

question

*Anger Cry*

answer

A variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords

question

*Pain Cry*

answer

A sudden long, initial loud cry followed by the holding of the breath -pain cry may be stimulated by physical pain or by any high-intensity stimulus

question

recent study showed that mothers emotional reactions (anger and anxiety) to crying increased the risk of subsequent attachment insecurity

answer

Another study found that problems in infant soothability at 6 months of age were linked to insecure attachment at 12 months of age

question

*Reflexive Smile*

answer

a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep

question

*Social Smile*

answer

A smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in the case of the young infant. occurs as early as two months of age

question

One of a baby's earliest emotions is _______

answer

1) fear typically appears at about 6 months and peaks at about 18 months

question

*Stranger Anxiety*

answer

an infant shows fear and wariness of strangers

question

*Separation Protest*

answer

crying when the caregiver leaves (fear of being separated from caregiver) -tend to peak at about 15 months anomy U.S infants

question

*Social Referencing*

answer

involves \"reading\" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

question

Caregivers' actions influence the infants' _________ __________ of emotions

answer

*neurobiological regulation*

question

By soothing the infant, caregivers help infants modulate their emotions and reduce the level of stress hormones

answer

psychologists believe it is a *good strategy* for a caregiver to *soothe an infant* before the infant gets into an *intense, agitated, uncontrolled state*

question

*Temperament*

answer

question

*3 basic types, or clusters, of temperament*: by Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas

answer

1) Easy Child 2) Difficult Child 3) Slow-to-warm-up child

question

1) *Easy Child*

answer

child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.

question

2) *Difficult Child*

answer

child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change

question

3) *Slow-to-warm-up child*

answer

child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood

question

KAGAN's *Inhibition to the unfamiliar*

answer

question

Mary Rothbart and John Bates stress that ________ ________ is an important dimension of temperament.

answer

*effortful control* (self-regulation)

question

answer

1) rate 2) cortisol

question

*Goodness of fit*

answer

question

*Personality*

answer

the enduring personal characteristics of individuals

question

Erik Erikson (stages of life) first stage

answer

1rst year of life-characterized by the trust vs. mistrust stage of development

question

2nd stage= Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

answer

autonomy builds as infant's mental and motor skills develop -independence is an important issue in the 2nd yr of life -can walk, climb, open and close, drop, push and pull, hold and let go

question

SOCIAL ORIENTATION: Infants start to interpret the meaning of facial expressions

answer

question

LOCOMOTION:

answer

question

INTENTION, GOAL DIRECTED BEHAVIOR: ______ _________ and gaze-following help the infant understand that other people have intentions

answer

1) Joint Attention by first birthday infants begun to direct caregivers attention to objects that capture their attention

question

*Attachment*

answer

a close emotional bond between two people

question

Harlow's study on monkeys

answer

question

*Bowlby's 4 phases based on conceptualization of attachment*

answer

question

Bowlby argued that infants develop an *Internal Working Model* of attachment

answer

a simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship to him or her, and the self as deserving of nurturant care.

question

*Strange Situation*

answer

an observational measure of infant attachment in which the infant experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.

question

*Securely attached babies*

answer

babies that use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment

question

*Insecure Avoidant Babies*

answer

babies that show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver

question

*Insecure Resistant Babies*

answer

babies that often cling to caregiver and then resist her by fighting against closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away

question

*Insecure Disorganized Babies*

answer

Babies that show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented.

question

Developmental cascade model

answer

involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes

question

THE FAMILY:

answer

question

Transition to parenthood:

answer

question

*The Bringing Home Project*

answer

workshop for new parents that emphasizes strengthening their relationship with each other, understanding and becoming acquainted with the baby, resolving conflict, and developing parenting skills

question

*Reciprocal Socialization*

answer

socialization that is bidirectional, meaning that children socialize with parents, just as parents socialize with children

question

*Scaffolding*

answer

process in which parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn-taking with the parents. -IMP. form of reciprocal socialization

Psych 210 Chp 4

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