question

1920 census

answer

revealed that for the 1st time the majority of americans lived in urban areas

question

Types of People who moved to cities

answer

1) farmers / ppl from countryside 2) women (often also rural) 3) blacks 4) IMMIGRANTS - natural increase = minimal effect (high death rates)

question

Why move to cities?

answer

1) offered conveniences and cultural experiences not readily available in the countryside 2) allowed a move privacy, esp. for women and gays 3) more and better paying jobs than in country / foreign countries 4) new forms of transportation made it easier to get to cities (RRs, steam powered ocean liners) 5) immigrant escape from land shortage, gov't suppression (jews)

question

Special Incentive for Farmers and Women

answer

farms grew larger and more mechanized and commercial, which made them more of a male \"preserve\", and allowed for more unskilled workers to replace the family units. Fewer family units + women's goods ready in stores instead of women making a living producing them themselves = young rural women to the cities for work.

question

Geographic Mobility

answer

late 19thc = unprecedented geographical mobility - leaving declining agricultural regions in East to developing farmlands in West and esp. to Eastern/Midwestern Cities

question

Movement of Blacks to cities

answer

southern blacks were starting (a little) to migrate from the countryside to the city - very limited job opportunities in cities. Women outnumbered men (black jobs often \"women's work\"). Created substantial black communities in cities.

question

Sources of Immigrants

answer

24 million, most from Europe, mainly England and Ireland. New southern and easter european sources: italians, greeks, slavs, russian jews, catholic poles. Also Canada, mexico, latin america, china and Japan* (<- in west)

question

Characteristics of immigrants

answer

had been prosperous in earlier years, but in late 19th c, lacked capital to buy farmland and education to enter professions, racism = most worked as unskilled laborers in industrial cities

question

Urban ethnic communities

answer

ethnic groups formed communities to ease the transition from rural to industrial life, to recreate the old world in the New. ethnic groups had their own churches, synagogues, organizations, newspapers etc, to keep ties with their homelands.

question

Assimilation and Americanization

answer

Some immigrants wanted to become \"fully american\" and sever all ties with homeland, esp. as generations went on. Not always a choice. - gender roles from homeland changed as economic necessity to work outside the home made it harder for parents to control their children's (daughters') lives - native born americans encouraged it: need to speak english in schools and at work, need to sell both american and ethnic goods to make enough $, church leaders often native born/assimilated immigrants who pushed their congregations to assimilate too (reform judaism)

question

Nativism

answer

-Causes: so many immigrants, who created distinct communities and clung to old ways scared native born americans, or just general prejudice - American Protective Association (1887): opposed catholic immigration (and immigration in general) and catholics in public office (had \"pledged allegiance to a foreign power\" - pope) or in teaching. founded by Henry Bowers. - Immigration Restriction League (1894): more moderate - immigrants should be screened thru literacy tests/other standards to separate the desirable from the undesirable.

question

Restrictive Legislation

answer

-1882 Chinese Exclusion Act (response to chinese in California) -also 1882 congress denied entry to undesirables: paupers, convicts, mentally ill, 50 cent tax on each immigrant -literacy test passed but vetoed by Pres. Cleveland in 1897

question

\"public space\"

answer

city planners and wealthy urban people wanted more orderly and refined city structure. Urban parks = \"natural\" public space away from the chaos and congestion of the cities.Public buildings developed - museums, art galleries, concert halls, libraries to show cities as centers of learning and culture.

question

Frederick Law Olmsted / Central Park

answer

Olmstead and Calvert Vaux created central park as a place in the city that would look as natural and unlike as possible. one of the most admired and popular public spaces in the world - led to more parks like it.

question

City Beautiful Movement

answer

led by Daniel Burnham (great white city architect) and inspired by city rebuilding projects in Europe. -Goal = impose order and symmetry on the disordered life and structure of cities = efforts to remake american cities (limited success). -Created totally new landscapes too like the Back Bay in Boston = marshy tidal land developed into a neighborhood.

question

Streetcar suburbs

answer

both the wealthy (who didn't live in mansions) and middle class settled in less expensive lands on the edges of the cities, linked to them by trains and streetcars, and cleaner and quieter than cities. Appealed to \"nostalgia\" of the countryside ppl moved away from.

question

Tenements

answer

multi-family rental buildings/ slum dwellings as cheap housing for the poor. Were praised at first but actually miserable - minimal windows/ventilation, little to no plumbing or central heating, shared toilets. Incredibly crowded.

question

Jacob Riis

answer

Danish immigrant and NY newspaper reporter/photographer. Shocked middle class with his sensational descriptions and pictures of tenement life in his 1890 book How the Other Half Lives. Did not promote a very good solution - just knocking down the slums w/o replacing them

question

New forms of mass transit

answer

response to poor transportation pathways + # of ppl traveling. -elevated railways for steam powered trains, cable cars towed by underground cables, electric trolley lines, subways, the Brooklyn Bridge

question

Skyscrapers

answer

cities started to grow upward as well as outward: more buildings built w/ increasing # of stories and called skyscrapers. made possible by still girder construction and Louis sullivan = leading architect.

question

Urban problems

answer

1) \"great fires\" destroyed downtown areas where buildings constructed of wood - new modern architecture, fire depts. fireproof buildings 2)improper disposal of human and industrial waste = disease and contaminated water 3) air pollution from factories and furnaces effects: reforms - new sewage/drainage systems, Public Health Service - to create health standards and prevent occupational disease

question

Political machines and bosses

answer

Bosses (often of foreign heritage) garnered support of large immigrant communities and won votes for his organization by providing social services for immigrants (food), jobs for unemployed, and patronage for his followers (city gov't agency positions)

question

Downsides to Political Machines

answer

politicians often gained money for themselves through graft and corruption, some opened and justified, others covert. (kickbacks from contractors for building contracts, selling franchises for operation of public utilities)

question

William M. Tweed

answer

boss of NYC's Tammany Hall in 1860s-1870s: most famously corrupt city boss who eventually went to jail in 1872.

question

Upsides to Political Machines

answer

modernized city infrastructures, expanded role of gov't, created stability in a decentralized political and social climate.

question

Reasons for boss rule

answer

1) power of immigrant voters desiring social services reformers weren't providing 2) wealthy prominent citizens linked to machines and profited from their dealings w/ bosses 3) weakness of city gov'ts to stop the bosses' \"invisible governments\"

question

a _______ culture developed in the late 19th cent.

answer

middle class

question

Rising Income

answer

incomes rising for everyone, but at uneven rates. most important = growing prosperity of middle class, contributed to the mass market

question

New marketing techniques: ready-made clothing, prepared food

answer

1)sewing machines allowed ready made clothing and created a huge clothing industry - clothing stores, interest in fashion. 2)mass production of tin cans = huge food packaging industry 3) refrigerated transportation of perishables and artificially frozen ice for iceboxes. (better diets and better health)

question

Chain Stores

answer

like the A&P and 5 and 10 cent stores - built chains and sold manufactured goods at lower prices than local independent stores that they competed with, angered merchants.

question

Mail-Order Catalogues/Houses

answer

Allowed rural areas w/o chain stores access to the consumer world, its fashion, culture and technology, often affiliated w/ farmers organizations (Grange)

question

Department Stores

answer

(Macy's) made shopping in big cities seem more alluring, glamorous, exciting, and combined goods from separate country stores under one roof and at lower prices. acted as social spaces for women.

question

National Consumers League

answer

founded by Florence Kelley in the 1890s. goal = mobilize power of women consumers to force retailers/manufacturers to improve wages and working conditions for women workers.

question

Women as consumers

answer

women's clothing styles changed quickly and boosted purchasing, new food products changed the way they shopped and cooked for their families, employment opportunities, backing causes for women workers was a way of participation in public life

question

New Conceptions of Leisure

answer

previously, leisure seen as laziness and hated by many, but expansion of economy and decreasing work hours made it seem more normal and necessary for well being

question

Simon Patten

answer

economist and advocate for leisure in his books (The Theory of Prosperity and The New Basis of Civilization). He challenged the centuries-old assumption that the normal condition of civilization was a scarcity of goods, new economies could create enough to satisfy both needs and desires - allows for leisure.

question

leisure trends

answer

americans looked for new ways to entertain themselves, especially in cities, where people could \"go out\" to public places, be entertained, and see other people. (Still some class/race conflict in public places)

question

Examples of Leisure

answer

1) sports: Major League Baseball, College Football, Basketball, Boxing 2) gambling (with sports) 3) ethnic theaters and vaudeville 4) the movies 5) saloons for the working class 5) celebration of the 4th of july 6) Dime novels and Music for private entertainment

question

Mass Communications

answer

urban industrial society created a large market for transmitting news and information - newspaper circulation increased, journalism developed as a profession, national press services (to papers) thru use of the telegraph, magazines for a mass audience

question

Newspaper Chains

answer

Rivals William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pullitzer and others spread news throughout the country through \"yellow journalism\" - deliberately sensational style of reporting designed to reach a mass audience.

question

who else developed their own distinct culture in the late 19th cent.

answer

the elite

question

Social Realism: and Authors

answer

social realism: attempts to recreate (often terrible) realities of urban social life through literature. often told somber stories of the oppressed urban poor to draw attention to current social injustices. authors: Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, Frank Norris, Upton Sinclair, Kate Chopin and others

question

Frank Norris

answer

published the Octopus in 1901 - account of the struggle between oppressed wheat farmers and RR interests in CA.

question

Upton Sinclair

answer

socialist writer who published The Jungle in 1906: designed to reveal the evils of capitalism by exposing the abuses of the American meatpacking industry.

question

Kate Chopin

answer

southern writer who explored oppression involved in traditional marriage, published the shocking/controversial novel The Awakening in 1899 about a woman who abandons her family in search of personal fulfillment.

question

which was more popular during the 19th cent: european or american art

answer

european art

question

Winslow Homer

answer

created distinctly american paintings of New England maritime life and other american landscapes

question

Ashcan School

answer

created starkly naturalist works, away from the traditional academic style, to portray the bleak social realities of urban life (slums, prize fights, cities). also appreciated expressionism and abstraction.

question

Modernism

answer

artistic/cultural/intellectual movement that rejected clinging to the genteel traditions of the past/present to celebrate the ordinary and look toward the future

question

Darwinism/Natural Selection

answer

the most profound intellectual development, developed by charles darwin. humans have evolved from earlier life forms, and history was dominated \"survival of the fittest\", not by a divine plan. Challenged creationism, widespread opposition for a time but later widespread acceptance, created schism between evolutionists and creationists

question

Social Darwinism

answer

advocated by William Graham Sumner; natural selection applies to the economy, used by industrialists to justify their wealth and status.

question

Pragmatism

answer

advocated by William James: modern society should rely on the test of scientific inquiry for guidance and progress, not on inherited ideals and moral principles. No idea or institution was valid unless it stood the test of experience.

question

Trends in Education

answer

need for education grew out of need for specialized skills and scientific knowledge-> free primary and secondary education spread, but rural areas/southern blacks seriously lagged behind. Reformers wanted education for Indians in order to \"civilize\" them and assimilate them into white society, most efforts failed.

question

Land-Grant Institutions

answer

colleges and universities especially benefited and grew from the Morrill Land Grant Act during the civil War (gov't gave land to the states to build colleges). 69 of them in late 19th c.

question

Women's Education

answer

women's educational opportunities expanded, but still much behind those for men, almost none for black women. Some co-ed schools but most important were establishment of women's colleges: created a distinctive community for women where they wouldn't be treated as 2nd class citizens, offered them hope to pursue a career and/or embrace their roles in society apart from the domestic roles.

APUSH Chapters 18

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards