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Second Industrial Revolution

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(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

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Bessemer Process

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Bessemer invented a process for removing air pockets from iron, and thus allowed steel to be made. This made skyscrapers possible, advances in shipbuilding, construction, etc.

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Gottlieb Daimler

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(1834-1900) German inventor. He is best know for his work in the development of the gasoline internal combustion engine.

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Petite Bourgeoisie

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the lower middle class, or \"white-collared workers,\" that often had working class origins and might even belong to unions, but they had middle-class aspirations and consciously sought to distance themselves from a lower class lifestyle, constantly looking for education opportunities and career advancement for them and of course their children. Included secretaries and school teachers

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Baron Georges Haussmann

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He was the administrator of the plan Napoleon III launched to modernize and beautify the city of Paris.

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Eiffel Tower

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An iron structure that dominates the skyline of Paris. When it was built in the nineteenth century, it was the tallest freestanding structure in the world.

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Suburbs

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The development of this was a response to the reorganization of cities for business and governmental purposes, increasing congestion of urban areas, improved railway systems connecting city to suburbs, the clearing of slums

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Cholera

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A serious and often deadly disease commonly spread by contaminated water; a major problem in nineteenth-century European cities before sewerage systems were installed.

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Married Woman's Property Act

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Reform passed in 1882 which allowed married women to own property in their own right (not under their husband) in Great Britain.

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Prostitution

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Common, especially among poorer classes, but not well respected. Legal in much of Europe in the 19th century.

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Cult of Domesticity

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the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

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John Stuart Mill

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(1806-1873)-British philosopher who published On Liberty (1859), advocating individual rights against government intrusion, and The Subjection of Women (1869), on the cause of women's rights.

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Millicent Fawcett

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Led a group of suffragists that used a gradual approach to win the voting rights for women, lobbied members of Parliament, signed petitions, worked on educating the public

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Emmeline Pankhurst

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1858-1928. Middle class women who was active in women's rights movement, as was her husband. Formed suffrage organization in 1903 that often involved violent disturbances, such as the bombing of a cathedral. Frequently arrested. Resulted in women's suffrage in 1928.

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Pogroms

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An organized, often officially encouraged massacre or persecution of a minority group, especially one conducted against Jews.

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First International

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First convened in 1864, it was also known as the International Working Men's Association. It was an eclectic gathering eventually headed by Karl Marx, who used it to spread his ideas about socialism and the need for revolution in the capitalist society. Members of the First International hoped that the Paris Commune would be the spark for revolution across Europe, although it failed.

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Labour Party

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British working class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.

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Fabianism

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British socialist intellectual movement known for initial ground breaking work beginning in the late 19th century and then up to World War I. Society laid many of the foundations of the Labor Party in that time period and is still in existence today. Similar societies exist in Australia and New Zealand. Advocated socialism to be established by gradual reforms within the law.

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German Social Democratic Party

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Working-class party, the largest socialist party in Europe after 1890, inspired by Marxist theories, Bismarck attempted to suppress them, which backfired and brought more votes to the party

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Erfurt Program

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Made in 1891; formulated under the political guidance of Bebel and Kautsky; declared imminent doom of capitalism and necessity of socialist ownership of the means of production; the party intended to pursue these goals through legal political participation rather than by revolutionary activity.

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Revisionism

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Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions.

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Eduard Bernstein

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A Social Democratic member of the Reichstag in the German Empire. Led Marxist revisionism in Germany. Wrote, 1898, Evolutionary Socialism. Held that class conflict was not inevitable and capitalism might be transformed in workers' interests - especially if labor had vote and its own political party.

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Count Sergei Witte

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Russian Finance minister who oversaw Russia experience tremendous industrial growth; reformed commercial law, protected infant industries, supported steamship co., promoted nautical and engineering schools; Russia grew enormous coal and iron industries

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Russian Social Democratic Party

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Revolutionary socialist Russian political party formed to unite various revolutionary organizations into one party; later split into Bolshevik and Menshevik factions

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Vladmir Ilyich Lenin

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Russian Communist that seized control of the country after Czar Nicolas stepped down following WW1. Also the major leader of the Bolsheviks and was sent to return to Russia from exile by the Germans during WW1.

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Bolsheviks

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Led by Vladimir Lenin it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian goverment during WWI

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Mensheviks

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The party which opposed to the Bolsheviks. Started in 1903 by Martov, after dispute with Lenin. The Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership.

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Bloody Sunday

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1905, peaceful protest to czar Nicholas II palace, led by Father Gapon, fired on by palace guards, hundreds die

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Durma

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Russian legislative assembly prior to the revolution

AP Euro Chapter 23 Critique Essay

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