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Culture is

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learned, shared and symbolic

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Something that stands for something else is a

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Symbol

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To say that culture and the human brain coevolved is to say that

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Each provided key features of the environment to which the other needed to adapt

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Understanding another culture sympathetically enough so that it appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living is called

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Cultural relativism

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When anthropologists distinguished between culture and cultures, they were distinguishing between _______ and __________.

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A defining attribute of human beings / ways of life of specific groups of people.

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The system of arbitrary symbols used to encode one's experience of the world and of others is

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Language

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Language, like culture, is

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learned, coded in symbols, shared

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The scientific study of language is known as

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Linguistics

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\"Primitive\" human languages

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Do not exist

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The design feature of language called \"openness\" refers to the

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Ability to create new linguistic messages freely and easily

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Nonhuman primates cannot communicate vocally about absent or nonexistent objects or past or future events. Thus, their call systems lack the linguistic design feature of

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Displacement

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Human languages are patterned at different levels, and the patterns that characterize one level cannot be reduced to the pattern of any other level. Hockett recognized this phenomenon in which of his linguistic design features?

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Duality of patterning

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The ability of native speakers of a language to use words in ways that are socially and culturally appropriate is called

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Communicative competence

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Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf believed that

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Language has the power to shape the way people see the world

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The principle which asserts that language has the power to shape the way people see the world is

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Linguistic Relativity Principle

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Linguistic determinism holds that

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The grammars of people's native languages determine how they think about the world

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The study of language that uses ethnography to illuminate the ways in which speech and social interaction influence each other is called

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Ethnopragmatics

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According to William Labov's work in the 1960s, African American children living in urban areas did not perform well linguistically in the classroom because they

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Felt threatened in the classroom context

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Examples of typical instances, elements, relations, or experiences within a particular culturally relevant domain are called

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Prototypes

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The result of the process of socialization/enculturation for an individual is an

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Self

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Many psychological anthropologists have argued that an individual's personality is shaped by factors like

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social class, gender, birth order

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Robert Fagen proposes that play in animals communicates the message

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\"All's well\"

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Metacommunication refers to

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Communication about communication

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A cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as \"play\" or as \"ordinary life\" is called

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Framing

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Artists in non-Western societies

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Work with symbols that are of central importance to their societies

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The term anthropologists use for stories that recount how various aspects of the world came to be the way they are is

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Myths

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When myths and related beliefs that are taken to be self-evident truths are highly codified and deviation from the code is considered a serious matter, we may call this

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Orthodoxy

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The anthropologist who argued that myths serve as \"charters\" or \"justifications\" for present-day social arrangements was

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Bronislaw Malinowski

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The anthropologist who argued that myths are tools for overcoming logical contradictions that cannot otherwise be overcome was

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Claude Lévi-Strauss

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Which of the following does NOT reflect the anthropological understanding of ritual?

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Rituals are exclusively religious in nature.

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A repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of culturally-recognizable symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech, gestures, or the manipulation of objects, set off from the routines of everyday life, and closely connected with a specific set of ideas is known as a

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Ritual

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A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another is called

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A rite of passage

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What are the three stages of rites of passage?

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Separation, transition, reaggregation

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Liminal, from the Latin word limen, means

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Threshold

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The ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside their ordinary social positions is called

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Liminality

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An intense comradeship in which the social distinctions among participants in a rite of passage disappear or become irrelevant is called

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Communitas

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The movement to ritual is based on the premise of

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Let's believe

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The principle that sacred things are to be touched so that power may be transferred refers to which of the following minimal categories of religion?

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Mana

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Every religious system in the world has a customary way of addressing the supernatural. This feature is captured by the minimal category of religion called

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Prayer

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In some religious systems, certain objects or people may not be touched, or else the cosmic power in them may drain away. This feature is captured in the minimal category of religion called

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Taboo

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Religious practitioners skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which they carry out for the benefit of the group are known as

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Priests

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Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful are called

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Oracles

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To the Azande, witches are

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neighbors, antisocial and those whose behavior is out of line

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The synthesis of old religious practices with new religious practices introduced from outside is called

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Syncretism

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A conscious, deliberate, and organized attempt by some members of a society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis is known as a

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Revitalization

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Symbols can be used as instruments of power when

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They are under the direct control of a person wishing to affect the behavior of others, They are used for reference or in support of certain conduct, Some people are able to impose their metaphors on others

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The patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members is called

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Social organization

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The part of the discipline of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living is

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Economic anthropology

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Complex, variable, and enduring forms of cultural practices that organize social life are called

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Institutions

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The economic theory that represented a formal attempt to explain the workings of capitalist enterprise and paid particular attention to distribution is

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Neoclassical economic theory

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Noncapitalist forms of economic exchange that are deeply embedded in social relations and always require reciprocity are called

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Gift exchanges

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The exchange of goods and services of equal value is called

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Reciprocity

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Ranked groups within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria are called

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Classes

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In the 1960s, Richard Lee discovered that, in order to find enough food to survive, Ju/'hoansi foragers had to work

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About 20 hours per week per person

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Marshall Sahlins coined the expression \"the original affluent society\" to describe

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The Ju/'hoansi and others like them

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According to Marshall Sahlins, which of the following is a route to affluence?

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Producing much and desiring little

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Among the Trobriand Islanders, women's wealth

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Is exchanged for yams

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. Annette Weiner argues that the role of women's wealth in Trobriand society

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Could disappear if cash ever became widely substitutable for yams

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Transformative capacity is the text's definition of

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Power

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Which of the following terms is used by Eric Wolf to refer to the form of social power that organizes social settings and controls the allocation of social labor?

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Structural power

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The study of social power in human society is called

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Political anthropology

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Which of the following is a topic of interest to political anthropologists?

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The classification and evolution of political systems, The structure and functions of political systems , The modernization of formerly tribal societies

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In recent years, the anthropology of politics has addressed questions about

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Power and inequality

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In traditional Western thought, the prototype of power in human social relations is based on

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Physical coercion

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Research by political anthropologists has led to a reconsideration of

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The political role of the state, The political role of kinship, Traditional Western notions about human nature

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A world view that justifies the social arrangements under which people live is called

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Ideology

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According to Gramsci, power based on physical force is called

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Domination

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According to Gramsci, rulers who provide some genuine benefits to their subjects, spread an ideology that justifies their rule, and nevertheless succeed in protecting their privileges are exercising

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Hegemony

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The freedom of self-contained individuals to pursue their own interests above everything else and to challenge one another for dominance is known as

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Free agency

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According to Evans-Pritchard, Azande commoners did not accuse chiefs of witchcraft because

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Witches bewitch people they envy, and chiefs do not envy commoners

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Governmentality can best be understood as a way to

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Manage individuals, goods, and wealth

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Social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance are called

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Kinship

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Which of the following observations about kinship is stressed by the authors of the text?

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Different societies have chosen to highlight some features of the universal human experiences of mating, birth and nurturance, while downplaying or ignoring others

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The institution that transforms the status of the participants, carries implications about permitted sexual access, the position of offspring in the society and establishes new kin connections is

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Marriage

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The principle based on culturally recognized parent-child connections that define the social categories to which people belong is called

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Descent

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The principle that a descent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by connections made through their mothers and fathers equally is the principle of

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Bilateral descent

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A unilineage can be

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Matrilineal, Patrilineal

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A descent group formed by people who can specify their connections to one another through parent-child links to a common ancestor is a

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Lineage

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A descent group formed by members who believe they have a common (sometimes mythical) ancestor is a

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Clan

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Which of the following would NOT belong to a man's patrilineage?

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His sister's son

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Which of the following sets of people belong to the same patrilineage?

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A father - his son - his son's daughter

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Which of the following people belong to the same matrilineage?

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A woman - her mother - her son

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Kinship terminologies suggest

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The boundaries of the significant groups in the society, Where cleavages within groups are likely to occur, The structure of rights and obligations assigned to different members of the society

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The kinship tie created by marriage is called

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Affinity

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In the vocabulary of kinship studies, father's brother's children or mother's sister's children are called

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Parallel cousins

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In the vocabulary of kinship studies, father's sister's children and mother's brother's children are called

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Cross cousins

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The social positions assigned to people at birth are

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Ascribed statuses

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The social positions people may attain later in life, often as the result of their own effort are

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Achieved statuses

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\"Daughter\" and \"son\" are examples of

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Ascribed statuses

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Consanguineal relationships are connections based on

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Descent

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The postmarital residence rule requiring a couple to live with, or near, the husband's mother's brother is called

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Avunculocal

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The postmarital residence rule requiring a couple to live with, or near, the husband's father is called

answer

Patrilocal

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The postmarital residence rule requiring a couple to live with, or near, the wife's mother is called

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Matrilocal

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A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses is called

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Polygamy

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A spousal pattern in which a woman may have multiple husbands is called

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Polyandry

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Marriage patterns

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Reveal differences in the culturally shaped understanding of male and female sexuality

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For anthropologists, a nuclear family is made up of

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A married couple and their children

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Families in which brothers and their wives (or sisters and their husbands) live together in a single household are called

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Extended Family

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Structural violence results from

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The way that political and economic forces structure risk for suffering within a population

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Eleanor Leacock argued that women's subordination to men could be connected explicitly to

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The rise of private property and the emergence of the state

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A key element recognized by all anthropologists who use the concept of caste is that caste groups are

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Endogamous

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The social category of race

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Has real consequences, even if it has no reality in biology

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Many anthropologists accept that ethnicity is created by

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Historic processes

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In Australia, the doctrine of terra nullius argues that land ownership is demonstrated by

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Permanent settlement, \"Improvement\" of the land, Planting crops or grazing animals on it

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The reshaping of local conditions by powerful worldwide forces on an ever-intensifying scale is the concept of

answer

Globalization

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Stratified reproduction refers to

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A global process in which some categories of people are empowered reproduce while others are not

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Among the consequences of space-time compression is

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Making it easier to move people and things around the world, Stretching social relationships over huge distances, The capacity to reach any part of the world

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Anthropologists approach globalization from the perspective of

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Those among whom they do their research

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Which of the following is a social arrangement where globalization is seen?

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Immigration, Tourism, Transnational corporations

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According to anthropologist Arjun Appadurai, globalization is basically

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Disorganized, Unpredictable

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Many observers have suggested that globalization inevitably undermines the power and sovereignty of nation-states. Why?

answer

National governments are virtually powerless to control what their citizens read or watch in the media, Nation-states allow migrants whose values may be very different to cross their borders, The forces of globalization make weakened states vulnerable to chaos and violence

question

A characteristic of Western modernity has been

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Massive global displacements of people

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Migrant populations with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world are called

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Diasporas

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Members of a diaspora organized in support of nationalist struggles in their homeland or to agitate for a state of their own are known as

answer

Long-distance nation

question

A form of state in which it is claimed that those people who left the country and their descendants remain part of their ancestral state, even if they are citizens of another state is said to be a

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Transborder state

question

A group made up of citizens of a country who continue to live in their homeland plus the people who have emigrated from the country and their descendants, regardless of their current citizenship make up a

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Transborder citizenry

question

A nation-state in which the relationships between citizens and the state extend to wherever citizens reside is a(n)

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Transnational nation-state

question

According to Aihwa Ong, the ways in which overseas Chinese business families seek both to benefit from and get around different nation-state regimes illustrates

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Flexible citizenship

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Aihwa Ong writes that wealthy overseas Chinese elites are loyal to the family business, not whichever nation-state they are living in. She calls this

answer

A postnational ethos

question

When people live permanently in a setting in which they are surrounded by people with cultural backgrounds different from their own and are struggling to define with them the degree to which the cultural beliefs and practices should or should not be accorded respect and recognition, they are said to live in a

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Multicultural society

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As anthropologists have begun to study \"the culture of human rights\" they have come to see the central role played by

answer

Law

question

Which of the following are key features of the human rights worldview?

answer

It focuses on the rights of individuals, It proposes to relieve human suffering through mechanical rather than ethical solutions, It emphasizes rights over duties.

question

Many contemporary anthropologists call the contemporary process of intensified globalized cultural exchange

answer

Hybridity

question

Why, according to some anthropologists, is the concept of cultural hybridity almost a good idea?

answer

The concept of cultural hybridity still assumes that two or more non-hybridized, original cultures exist prior to the cultural mixing, The effects of cultural hybridity are experienced differently by those with power and those without power, Emphasizing cultural hybridity can hide class exploitation and racial oppression

question

_______ is being at ease in more than one cultural setting

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Cosmopolitanism

question

Open-ended negotiation across cultural and political divides can lead to cosmopolitan cultural practices but also to polarization, and tends to be full of conflict and contradiction. Anthropologist Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing refers to this phenomenon as

answer

Friction

question

Anthropological studies of social, political, and economic change provide considerable evidence that

answer

Human beings actively and resiliently respond to life's challenges

Exploring the Symbolic Nature of Culture and its Coevolution with the Human Brain.

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