Sociology Chapter 1 Quiz 100%
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What is purpose of a sociological perspective?
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Helps you understand the way social life is viewed in the field of sociology
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Define social sciences / what do they study?
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Study humans and the social worlds they create
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What is sociology?
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Sociology is the systematic and scientific study of human social behavior
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Define a society
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Societies are sizable numbers of people who share a common culture. They contain intricately structured arrangements of relations among people
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Define a culture
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A culture is a society's total way of life that is learned, shared and is taught by one generation to another. It includes the shared values and rules for everyday life shared by a group of people
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Define a social structure
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Social structures are made up of the relatively stable patterns of social interaction that characterize social life
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What is globalization?
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Globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of people around the world. It refers to the many processes that cause the lives of people to be connected
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Describe the micro-level of sociology
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Micro-level refers to social relations that involve direct interaction with others, mostly in small-group settings
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Describe the macro-level of sociology
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The macro-level of sociology deals with relationships of large-scale social phenomena. It allows for the analysis of larger social patterns
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Define an institution
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Institutions are established ways to provide for a societies' basic needs. Major areas of social activity include families, the work place, political systems, religion, and educational spheres
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What is a tradition?
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Traditions are the time-honored beliefs and ways of living that are passed from generation to generation
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Who coined the term 'sociological imagination'?
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C. Wright Mills
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Describe the sociological imagination
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Refers to a deep understanding of the relationship between personal troubles and larger social issues
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What is critical thinking? (3 parts) & is the ___ for ____
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Critical thinking is the ability to question common assumptions, identify and weigh appropriate evidence, and reach conclusions. It is the catalyst for the social imagination
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Who was August Comte?
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Comte was a French sociologist, came up with the term 'sociology'. Advanced the idea of positivism, which is a scientific approach to the study of society, based on empirical evidence and facts rather than speculation, belief, or opinion
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Who was Harriet Martineau?
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British sociologist, responsible for translating the French works of Comte into English. Also wrote first books on sociological research methods
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Who was Karl Marx?
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German sociologist / inspired the state socialist systems and Communism through his /conflict theory / said that poverty serves to protect the interest of the wealthy, economy is the foundation of society
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Who introduced/What is conflict theory?
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Karl Marx, asserts that social life consists of conflicts between groups / organization and changes in society can be explained by the conflicts inherent to these social relations
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What did Karl Marx emphasize?
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He emphasized the importance of economics in shaping social life and the study of structured inequality, especially social classes
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Two primary social classes, according to Marx
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(1) The bourgeoisie (capitalists) who own means of production, and (2) the proletariat, who are the workers
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What is communism?
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The collective ownership of the means of production, in contrast to private ownership
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Who was Emile Durkheim?
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French sociologist, laid out rules for empirically researching human behavior and social relations Social stability versus individual freedom, said that suicides occur when there is an imbalance between regulation and freedom
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What is social solidarity? (other term?)
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Or social solidarity - refers to the link that connects individuals with a group
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What is mechanical social solidarity? / Example
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Common characteristics bring people together / The cohesion that results from people sharing similar beliefs and being very much like each other Example: hunter/gatherer society, small group
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What is organic social solidarity?
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the cohesion that results from economic interdependence Example: coworkers
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Who was Max Weber?
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German sociologist, recognized the potential danger of a sociologist's own values and opinions biasing research, so he called for sociologists to be value-free in their work
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Who expanded on Marx / What did they assert?
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Max Weber, said that there are really three classes: class, status or prestige, and power
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Max Weber asserted that
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meanings and interpretations used are crucial to understanding social realty, value-free view of society, actions' meanings (subjective) versus social causes (objective)
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What are social facts?
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Behaviors / patterns in a group, not necessarily among individuals by themselves
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Who likened society to a living organism?
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Herbert Spencer
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What was Parsons focused on?
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Traditional roles
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What is (structural) functionalism?
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identifies social structures, analyses consequences on harmony and stability of society / manifest and latent functions are important for use in analysis
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What is conflict theory?
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Marx / Based on competition, benefit and losses in situations, competition > consensus because the result of competition is positive change generally
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What is symbolic interaction theory?
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Analyzes subjective meanings of interaction, processes through which communication & shared symbolic meaning develop /Explains how and why people have perspective of rationalization, i.e. a prostitute 'doing their job' and 'providing a service' for the common good
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The steps of investigating a theory result in a continuous loop called...
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the wheel of science
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The movement from data to theory is called...
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induction
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The movement from theory to hypothesis to data is called...
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deduction
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Describe survey research
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Researcher asks large number of people same set of questions; describes trends, differentials from random samples, but not good for describing contexts of human behavior or for establishing casual relationships
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Describe participant observation
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Researcher observes or interviews in depth a small number of individuals. Excellent source of fine detail about interaction, subjective meanings. Relies on nonrepresentative samples, and researchers interpretations of the data
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Describe content analysis
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Refers to the systematic study of written documents, inexpensive and researcher cannot bias data as it is already collected. Limited by existing documents, and relies on researcher's own interpretations of the data
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What is a trend?
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how a behavior/pattern has changed over time
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What is a differential?
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Describes how a trend varies from group to group
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what is longitudinal research?
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Data over a period of time
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What is a spurious relationship?
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Correlation, NOT causation
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What is the social desirability bias?
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When subjects of research sugar coat the truth to appear nicer, more wealthy, etc
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What is replication?
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Replication is the repeat of a study with different researchers and participants/ to test results of previous study
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Who was Merton?
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Focused on roles, preferred term of \"equilibrium\" over \"stability\", similar views to Parsons, also set standard for social expectations
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Who was Herbert Spencer?
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Saw society as an organism; always adapts to fit it's environment
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Who was George Herbert Mead?
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Pioneer of the symbolic interactionist social theory
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What is operationalizing?
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Deciding exactly how to measure a given variable
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What is a theory?
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Set of ideas that explain observed patterns on a broader level
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Order of wheel of science?
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Theory -> Hypothesis -> Data -> Observation -> Theory . . .
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What is egotistic suicide?
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When one becomes isolated, feels no place, self-centered and 'cut off', therefore \"destroys himself\"
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What is altruistic suicide?
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Happens when there is over-integration between an individual and a group
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What is anomic suicide?
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Takes place when sudden event occurs, social equilibrium is broken, such as winning the lottery, sudden bankruptcy, etc
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What is fatalistic suicide?
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When overregulation in society causes one to become suicidal - such a servant or a slave
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What are the two main types of suicide?
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Anomic (sudden event) and Fatalistic (overregulation, servant, etc)
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Durkheim claimed that...
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Suicide was not the result of psycho-pathic tendency, heredity, climate, poverty, unhappy love, personal factors, etc, the force is far above the individual
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In a study what are three important factors?
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variables, operational definitions, and sampling
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Name the functionalists that we study
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Comte, Spencer, Parsons, Durkheim, and Martineau
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Name the conflict theorists that we study
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Marx, Weber (between conflict and interaction \"action theory\"), DuBois and Addams
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DuBois was mainly known for what?
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His \"color line\", which asserts that races have to make huge 'jumps' in social norms in order to be equal; and that generally this jump is not practical and will never occur across the entire group(s)
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Who's studies mainly involved women?
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Addams
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What is interactionism?
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Generalized, no notable sociologists, language, symbols, meaning, and interaction and important
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Manifest functions are . . .
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Intended or recognized
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Latent functions are . . .
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neither intended nor recognized, 'the invisible hand' of social structure
