Biology 1 Mid-Term EXAM Study Guide
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(short answer) What are five of the levels of organization that biologists study?
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- Biosphere - Ecosystem - Community - Population - Organism - Groups of Cells - Cells - Molecules
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(short answer) What accounts for water's properties of adhesion and cohesion?
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hydrogen bonding makes water cohesive - attraction between molecules of same substance
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(short answer) Distinguish between RNA and DNA.
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RNA - contains sugar ribose DNA - contains the sugar deoxyribose
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(short answer) What are the main types of chemical bonds?
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Ionic Bonds & Covalent Bonds
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(short answer) What are the four groups of organic compounds found in living things?
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lipids protein carbohydrate nucleic acid
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(short answer) What is the biosphere? Where is it located?
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- The part of the Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air. - about 8 km above Earth's surface to about 11 km below ocean surface
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(short answer) Explain the relationship between sharks and the sun.
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Sharks are a part of a food chain in which the algae produces food from the sun, zooplankton eat algea, small fish eat zooplankton, squid eat small fish, and sharks eat squid.
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(short answer) List five factors that contribute to global climate patterns.
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(1) latitude (2) winds (3) ocean currents (4) landmasses (5) precipitation
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(short answer) What are the four main characteristics of a population?
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- geographic distribution - density - growth rate - age structure
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(short answer) Describe the graph of exponential growth.
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In the presence of unlimited resources and in the absence of predation and disease, a population will grow exponentially.
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(short answer) How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?
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prokaryotes do NOT have nucleus and eukaryotes contain nuclie
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(short answer) Define diffusion.
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process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated.
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(short answer) What does the cell theory state?
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- all living things are composed of cells - cells are basic units of structure and function in living things - new cells are produced from existing cells
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(short answer) What are two funtions of the nucleus?
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- contains the cell's DNA - controls cell's activities
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(short answer) List two functions of the cytoskeleton.
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- helps cell maintain its shape - involved in movement
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(short answer) List the four levels of cell organization in order from the simplest to most complex.
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- individual cells - tissues - organs - organ systems
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(short answer) How do heterotrophs obtain energy?
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from the food they consume
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(short answer) What is ATP, and when is energy released from it?
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ATP is a compound which provides the energy to build energy-containing sugars from low-energy compounds in a cell. Energy is released by breaking the chemical bond between the second and third phosphates.
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(short answer) Write the overall equation for photosynthesis in both symbols.
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Write the overall equation for photosynthesis in both symbols.
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(short answer) The Calvin Cycle produces 3 things, what are they?
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- ATP - NADPH - light-dependent reactions
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(short answer) List 3 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.
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- water - temperature - intensity of light
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(short answer) Compare protons, electrons, and neutrons with respect to location within atoms and electric charge.
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- Protons have a positive charge and are located in the nucleus of an atom - Electrons have a negative charge and revolve around the nucleus of an atom - Neutrons have a neutral charge and are located in the nucleus of an atom
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(short answer) What relationship exists between the mass number of an element and the isotopes of that element?
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Isotopes are identified by their mass numbers.
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(short answer) Explain the difference between ionic compounds and covalently bonded compounds.
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An ionic compound is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. A covalent bond forms when electrons are shared between atoms.
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(short answer) Name and define three main classes of symbiotic relationships.
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Mutualism - both species benefit from the relationship Commensalism - one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. Parasitism - one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it
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(short answer) Discuss four ways population size can change.
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- number of births - number of deaths - immigration - people moving into an area - emigration - people moving out of an area
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(short answer) Differentiate between density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors.
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Density-dependent limiting factors depend on population size. Density-independent limiting factors affect all populations in a similar ways, regardless of the population size.
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(short answer) List the eight characteristics of living things.
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(1) made up of units called cells (2) reproduce (3) are based on a universal genetic code (4) grow and develop (5) obtain and use materials and energy (6) respond to their environment (7) maintain a stable internal environment (8) taken as a group, living things change over time
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(short answer) How do facilitated diffusion and active transport differ?
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- Facilitated diffusion does not require the use of the cell's energy. - Active transport requires energy.
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The unequal heating of Earth's surface...
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- drives wind and ocean currents - causes winds that transport heat throughout the biosphere - has important effects on Earth's climate regions
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Which is a biotic factor that affects the size of a population in a specific ecosystem?
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number and kinds of predators in the ecosystems
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Different species can share the same habit, but competition among them is reduced if they...
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increase their populations
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Biology is the study of...
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living things
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The process by which organisms keep their internal conditions fairly constant is called...
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homeostasis
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What is the term for a group of organisms of one type living in the same place?
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population
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In the metric system, the basic unit of length is the...
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meter
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Which is NOT a unit of measurement in the International System of Units, or SI?
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ounce
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The unequal heating of Earth's surface...
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- drives wind and ocean currents - causes winds the transport heat throughout the biosphere - has important effects on Earth's climate regions
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Which is a biotic factor that affects the size of a population in a specific ecosystem?
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number and kinds of predators in the ecosystem
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Different species can share the same habitat, but competition among them is reduced if they...
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occupy different niches
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What is one difference between primary and secondary succession?
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Primary succession modifies the environment, and secondary succession does not
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The chemistry of aquatic ecosystems is determined by the...
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amount of salts, nutrients, and oxygen dissolved in the water
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The average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region in the region...
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climate
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Temperatures on Earth remain within a suitable range for life because of the...
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greenhouse effect
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The tendency for warm air to rise and cool air to sing results in...
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global wind patterns
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Each of the following is an abiotic factor in the environment EXCEPT...
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plant life
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An organism's niche is...
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the way the organism uses the range of physical and biological conditions in which it lives
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The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time is called...
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climax community
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Primary succession can begin after...
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a lava flow
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Climate conditions in a small area that differ from the climate of the surrounding area are called...
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ecosystems
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Aquatic ecosystems are classified by all of the following EXCEPT...
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organisms that live there
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Ponds and lakes are...
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standing-water ecosystems
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What does the range of population tell you that density does not?
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the areas inhabited by a population
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What can cause a population to grow?
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The birthrate becomes higher than the death rate.
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When individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate, it produces a growth pattern called...
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exponential growth
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Which are two ways a population can decrease in size?
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decreased birthrate and emigration
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As resources in a population become less available, population growth...
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reaches carrying capacity
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Which will reduce competition within a species' population?
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fewer individuals
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If a population grows larger that the carrying capacity of the environment, the...
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death rate may rise
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Which would be least likely to be affected by a density-dependent limiting factor?
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a small, scattered population
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The movement of organisms into a given area from another area is called...
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immigration
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When the birthrate in a population becomes higher than the death rate, the population growth rate...
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increases
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When individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate, it produces a pattern of growth called...
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exponential growth
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The various growth phases through which most populations go are represented by a...
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logistic growth curve
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Any factor in the environment that causes population growth to decrease is a...
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limiting factor
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Which of the following describes the largest number of individuals that an environment can support?
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carrying capacity
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Demography is the scientific study of...
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human populations
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The work of Schleiden and Schwann can be summarized by saying that ...
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all plants and animals are made of cells
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Which cell structure contains the cell's genetic material and controls many of the cell's activities?
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nucleus
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Cells fall into two broad catagories, depending on whether they...
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have a nucleus
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Eukaryotes usually contain...
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- a nucleus - specialized organelles - genetic material
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What is found in in the nucleus?
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- nucleolus - chromatin - DNA
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Which structures carry out cell movement?
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nucleolus and nucleus
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Which organelle breaks down compounds into small particles that the cell can use?
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lysosome
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Which organelle makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus?
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ribosome
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Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use?
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mitochondrion
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Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?
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regulates which materials enter and leave the cell
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Which of the following is a organelle found in the cytoplasm?
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ribosome
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Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells?
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choloroplast
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Which of the following structure serves as the cell's boundary from its environment?
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cell membrane
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Diffusion is the movement of particles from...
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an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called...
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osmosis
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Which term refers to cells having different tasks in an organism?
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cell specialization
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Which of the following is an example of an organ?
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heart
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A group of similar cells that perform a particular function is called a...
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tissue
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Diffusion occurs because...
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molecules constantly move and collide with one another
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An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes...
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water to move into the cell
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The cells of multicellular organisms are...
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specialized to perform particular functions
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Which of the following is an organ of the digestive system?
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stomach
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An organ system is a group of organs that...
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work together to perform a specific function
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Who was the first person to identify and see cell?
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Anton van Leeuwenhock
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The thin, flexible barrier around cell is called the...
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cell membrane
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Prokaryotes lack...
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a nucleus
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which of the following contains a nucleus?
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eukaryotes
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The main function of the cell wall is to...
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support and protect the cell
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What is a function of the nucleus?
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- stores DNA - controls most of the cell's processes - contains the information needed to make proteins
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What is a function of the cytoskeleton?
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helps a cell keep its shape
