PBS 1.2: The Structure of DNA

hereditary material in humans and all living organisms

the basic unit of DNA, which is composed of a deoxyribose sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

twisted ladder; shape of DNA

four types of nitrogenous bases, and the sequence of these bases encodes the information that determines an organism's traits: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

detect genetic predisposition to disease, creates new drugs to treat disease, and personalize medicine based on individual genetic profiles.

DNA is a polymer, a large molecule made of repeating units (or monomers) called nucleotides.

made by combining a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base, with the deoxyribose combining both to the phosphate and the nitrogenous base.

- Phosphate was on the outside, nitrogenous bases were on the inside - DNA was a double helix, made up of two strands - The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions - There are 10 base pairs per turn of the double helix

in order to fit inside a cell, the DNA is highly coiled and twisted into chromosomes

Cell membranes and nuclear membranes are made up of fats. Detergents wash away these fats, just like they would grease in pan.

Dna is in solution, you can separate the components by filtering the mixture through cheesecloth. Finally, you can separate DNA from solution with alcohol, since DNA does not dissolve in alcohol.

Plant cells have a cell wall that makes it tougher to break into the cell, homogenize it in order to break the cell wall

1) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 2) Restriction Endonucleases (restriction enzyme) 3) Gel electrophoresis 4) DNA Profiling

Enables scientists to produce millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence from a small sample of DNA. First primer is added and it attaches itself to the little section of DNA that'll grab on to the DNA (allows polymerase to drive down the DNA). Machine heats up causing DNA to split. Primer will bond to the complementary sides of the DNA. Taq Poly is added in and adds complementary letters to either side. Taq Poly moves down the DNA creating a second copy. Repeats again until millions copies of DNA are made.

act as molecular scissors that can cut DNA in specific location. Because every Individual's DNA is slightly different, an individual's code determines the number of times the restriction enzymes will cut and the number and size of DNA pieces that will result. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. Many different restriction enzymes are produced naturally by bacteria as a defense against invading organisms, such as viruses.

DNA fragments move through the gel catalyzed by an electric current. Short fragments move faster than long fragments. Dye shows where the fragments have moved, they use sample DNA to compare the DNA being measured.

a set of DNA puzzle pieces unique to the individual, to create a pattern called a DNA fingerprint (DNA profiling)

catalyzes the chemical reaction that rejoins the DNA sugar phosphate bonds.

blueprint for our physical traits. Also a double stranded, helical nuclei acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.

DNA extraction. you extract DNA from the other parts of the cell, the buffer(soap) breaks down the cell membrane, alcohol(both), precipitate helps get DNA out of solution

Sequence of the base pairs.

The restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis can be used to match or compare DNA. PCR can be used to copy DNA if there isn't enough to examine

They cut the DNA into specific parts

They are the little pieces left after molecular scissors cut DNA

Separation of nucleic acids or proteins; by size and electrical charge and by measuring rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.