Study Guide 7

Those who supported the Constitution and a strong federal government.

Anti federalist party basically just renamed, believed in protection of states rights & containment of federal power. Members of this party were primarily from the south/frontier.

a model of American politics--political party system existing in the United States between roughly 1792 and 1824. The two national parties were Federalists and Democratic-Republicans and ended during the Era of Good Feelings. This time when there are two parties opposed to each other. (not apart of constitution)

Congress may make no laws that infringe a citizen's right to freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. Congress may not favor one religion over another (=separation of church and state).

All powers not delegated to the federal government belong to the states or the people.

After Washington's election, he appointed four heads of the executive departments: Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state, Alexander Hamilton as secretary of treasury, Henry Knox as secretary of war, and Edmund Randolph as attorney general. These four men formed a cabinet of advisors with whom President Washington met regularly to discuss major policy issues. Even now, a president still calls cabinet meetings as a basis for obtaining advice and information from key leaders in the administration. (apart of constitution)

The executive departments guaranteed that the heads of the War, State, and Treasury departments and their assistants appointed by the president, thus removing them from congressional control

Congress established a Supreme Court with six members (one chief justice and five associate justices), along with 13 district courts and three circuit courts of appeal. The act made it possible for certain cases to be appealed from state courts to federal circuit courts, which would be presided over by traveling Supreme Court justices. This highest court empowered to rule on the constitutionality of decisions made by state courts.

Washington chose him to be the head of Treasury during his presidency. With admiration for the British system of centralized government and finance, he directed the making of a national government.

democratic-republican leader

Alexander Hamilton believed a foreign debt should be paid promptly, but he insisted that the domestic debt be permanent, tax-supported fixture of government. He proposed his beliefs in his Report on Public Credit. He thought that a permanent debt would attract the wealthiest financers in the country as creditors and would render them loyal and dependent on the federal government. This would bring their economic power to the government, but it would also require a significant enlargement of the federal civil service, national financial institutions, and increased taxes. This would put the thirteen states on better footing and ties them closer to the federal government.

In order to fund the national debt, Hamilton called for a federal excise tax, or internal tax on goods or services, on wines, coffee, and spirits. The tax on spirits would fall most heavily on the whiskey produced on the frontier. Its purpose was not only to produce revenue but to establish the government's power to an internal tax and to collect it in the most remote regions in the republic.

In Hamilton's Report on Public Credit, he asked Congress to charter a bank of the United States. The government would store its funds in the bank and would supervise its operations, but directors representing private stockholders would control the bank. This bank would print and back the national currency and regulate other banks. In this proposal, stock would be made in the bank payable in government securities, thus giving the bank a powerful interest in the fiscal stability of the government.

loose interpretation of the Constitution and find it applicable in many different cases (=Necessary and Proper Clause: there are things that are necessary and proper like privacy) {Federalists}

precise and exact interpretation of the Constitution. No exceptions or special cases for certain cases were made. {Democratic-Republicans}

In western Pennsylvania, the refusal of a group of farmers to pay the federal excise tax on whiskey seemed to pose a major challenge to the viability of the US government under the Constitution. The rebelling farmers could ill afford to pay a tax on whiskey that they distilled from surplus corn. Rather than pay the tax, they defended their liberties by attacking revenue collectors. Washington responded to this crisis by federalizing 15,000 state militiamen and placing them under the command of Alexander Hamilton. The show of force had its intended effect, causing the Whiskey Rebellion to collapse without any bloodshed on either side. Some Americans applauded Washington's action, contrasting it with the previous government's helplessness to do anything about Shay's Rebellion. Among westerners, however, the military action was widely resented and condemned as unwarranted use of force against the common people. The government's chief critic, Thomas Jefferson, gained in popularity ad a champion of the western farmer.

Foreign forcible enlistment of sailors, US-Britain tensions with Chesapeake Affair. Britain removed the sailors from American ships and put them on their own ships. At this time, many British sailors pretended that they were American to avoid being British and live in America, so even though they were taking their citizens back they stole many American citizens. This was one of the causes of War 1812.

Washington sent Chief Justice John jay on a special mission to Britain to talk that country out of its offensive practice of searching and seizing American ships and impressing seamen into the British navy. After a year of negations, Jay brought back a treaty in which Britain agreed to evacuate its posts on the US western frontier. But the treaty said nothing about British seizures of American merchant ships. Narrowly ratified by the Senate, the unpopular treaty angered American supporters of France, but it did maintain Washington's policy of neutrality, which kept the United States at peace.

Totally unexpected was the effect that the Jay Treaty had on Spain's policy towards its territories in the Americas. Seeing the treaty as a sign that the United States might be drawing closer to Britain (a longtime foe), Spain decided to consolidate its holdings in North America. Thomas Pinckney, the US minister to Spain, negotiated a treaty in Spain agreed to open the lower Mississippi River and New Orleans to American trade. The right of deposit was granted to Americans so that they could transfer cargoes in New Orleans without paying duties to the Spanish government. Spain further agreed to accept the US claim that Florida's northern boundary should be at the 31st parallel (not north of that line, as Spain had formerly insisted)

Incident that precipitated an undeclared war with France when three French officials, identified as X, Y, and Z, demanded that American emissaries pay a bribe before negotiating disputes between the two countries. These three official hinted to America that France would receive the delegates if they paid a bribe of $ 250,000, arranged for the US to loan $ 12 million to the French government, and apologized for the unpleasant remarks that John Adams had said about France.

undeclared war fought mostly at sea between the United States and the French Republic from 1798 to 1800 brought on by the XYZ Affair and the growing assault on the American ships. Britain became the US's ally and at the conclusion of the war, US blocked France from trading with them and stopped all ties. The Quasi-War has taken on a significant role over the distribution of war powers between the executive and legislative branches in the U.S.

a raise to raise 2 million dollars if there was a war with France. Divided amongst the sixteen states, based on populations, and each states had a direct tax on landholders.

(1) Naturalization Act increased from 5 to 14 the number of years required for immigrants to qualify for the US citizenship because most immigrants voted Democratic-Republican. (2) Alien Acts authorized the president to deport any aliens considered dangerous and to detain any enemy aliens in time of a war. (3) Sedition Acts made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize either the president or Congress and imposed heavy penalties (fines or imprisonment) for editors who violated this law.

The states revolt against the infringement on their rights that the Alien/sedition acts brought on, argued that they had entered into a compact with the federal government and the states should be able to nullify a federal law that broke the compact. Comes out of the attempt of Madison and Jefferson who tried to get people to resist the Alien/Sedition Acts.

Federalists lose a lot of power during this election due to the unpopularity of the alien/sedition acts- shift to republican, Jefferson = new president. House was still federalist.

Law that the Federalist Congress passed to increase the number of federal courts and judicial positions; President John Adams rushed to fill these positions with Federalists before his term ended.

The first major to be decided by Marshall put him in direct conflict with his cousin with is cousin, President Jefferson. Upon taking office, Jefferson wanted to block the Federalist appointments made at the last minute by his processor, John Adams. He ordered Secretary of State James Madison not to deliver the commissions to those Federalists judges whom Adams had appointed in his last days as president. One of Adams' \"midnight appointments\", William Marbury, sued for his commission. This case went to the Supreme Court for review in 1789. However, Marshall said, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was itself constitutional. The law passed by Congress had given to the Court great power and jurisdiction than the Constitution allowed. Therefore, the law was constitutional, and Marbury could not be given his commission. In effect, Marshall sacrificed what would have been a small Federalist gain (the appointment of Marbury) for a much larger, long-term judicial victory.

By ruling a law of Congress to be unconstitutional, Marshall established the doctrine of judicial review in Marbury vs. Madison. From this point on, the Supreme Court would exercise the power to decide whether an act of Congress or of the president was or was not allowed by the Constitution. In effect, the Supreme Court could now overrule actions of the other two branches of the federal government.

Jefferson sends 2 american ministers to france in order to negotiate a deal with the French in order to buy New Orleans for 10 mil, they end up buying new orleans and Louisiana for 15 mil (w/out Jefferson knowing) this purchase was popular.

As an alternative to war, Jefferson persuaded the Republican majority in Congress to pass this act. This measure prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port. Since the United States was Britain's largest trading partner, Jefferson hoped that the British would stop violating the rights of neutral nations rather than to lose US trade. The embargo, however, backfired and brought much greater economic hardship to the United States than to Britain. The British were determined to control the seas at all costs, and they had little difficulty substituting supplies from South America for US goods. The embargo's effect on the US economy, however, was devastating, especially for the merchant marine and shipbuilders of New England. So bad was the depression that a movement developed in the New England states to secede from the Union. Recognizing that the Embargo Act had failed, Jefferson called for its repeal in 1809 during the final days of his presidency. Even after repeal, however, US ships could trade legally with all nations except Britain and France.

After the repeal of Jefferson's disastrous embargo act, Madison hoped to end the economic hardship while maintaining his country's rights as a neutral nation. This acts provided that Americans could now trade with all nations except Britain and France.

A congressional election in 1810 had brought a group of new, young Republicans to Congress, many of them from frontier states (Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio). Known as war hawks because of their eagerness for war with Britain, they quickly gained significant influence in the House of Representatives. Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C Calhoun of South Carolina, the war-hawk Congressmen argued that war with Britain would be the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Native American resistance on the frontier.

Before the war ended, the New England states came close to seceding from the Union. Bitterly opposed to both the war and the Republican government in Washington, radical Federalists in New England urged that the Constitution be amended and that, at last resort, secessions be voted upon. To consider these matters, a special convention was held at Hartford, Connecticut, in December 1814. Delegates from NE states rejected the radical calls for secession. But to limit the growing power of the Republicans in the South and West, they adopted a number of proposals. One of them called for a two-thirds vote of both house for any future declaration of war. Shortly after the convention dissolved, news came of both Jackson's victory at New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent. These events ended criticism of the war and further weakened the Federalists by stamping them as unpatriotic.

This Treaty had three terms, which ended the war of 1812: a halt to the fighting, the return of all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, and the recognition of the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States. Promptly ratified by the Senate in 1815, it said nothing at all about the grievances that led to the war. Britain made no concessions concerning impressment, blockades, or other maritime differences. Thus, the war ended in stalemate with no gain for either side.