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Darwin noticed that many organisms seemed well suited to

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surviving in the environments in which they lived.

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The species of finches that Charles Darwin found on different Galápagos Islands varied in certain structural adaptations. One of the most significant adaptations that Darwin noted was the

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birds' different-shaped beaks.

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Based on the adaptations Charles Darwin observed in finches and tortoises in the Galápagos, he wondered

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if species living on different islands had once been members of the same species.

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Charles Darwin's observation that finches of different species on the Galápagos Islands have many similar physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these finches

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descended from a common ancestor.

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On the Galápagos Islands, Charles Darwin observed

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species similar to mainland South American species.

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Darwin first began to formulate his concept of evolution by natural selection after

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observing patterns among the geographical location of certain species.

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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that organisms

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have an innate tendency toward complexity and perfection.

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Which is a major concept included in Lamarck's evolutionary hypothesis?

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Body structures can change according to the actions of the organism.

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Lamarck's ideas about evolution include the concept that differences among the traits of organisms arise as a result of

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the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body structures.

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The economist Thomas Malthus suggested that

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without certain checks on population size, there would soon be insufficient food for the growing human population.

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Darwin realized that the economist Malthus's theory of population control

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could be generalized to any population of organisms.

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When farmers select animals or plants to use for breeding, they look for

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natural variations that are present in a species.

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When a farmer breeds only his or her best livestock, the process involved is

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artificial selection.

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According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted for their environment. Their survival is due to the

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possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness.

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Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

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fitness.

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According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have

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variations best suited to environmental conditions.

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The principle of common descent helps explain why

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birds and reptiles share a number of inherited characteristics.

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The number and location of bones of many fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living vertebrates. This is evidence in support of which of the following concepts?

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common descent

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Charles Darwin viewed the fossil record as

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useful support for his theory.

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Similar patterns of embryological development in different but related organisms are responsible for the formation of

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homologous structures.

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According to Lamarck, evolution resulted from the inheritance of ____________________ traits.

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acquired

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Although his idea was incorrect, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was one of the first people to propose a scientific explanation for ____________________.

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evolution

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When a population's birthrate exceeds its death rate, the size of the population ____________________.

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increases

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Structures in different species having the same appearance or function but have evolved separately.(i.e. the organisms do not share common ancestor)

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analogous structures

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Who are the scientists that have been collecting data on Darwin's finches in the Galapagos islands for over 25 years; and have witnessed natural selection operating in different ways under different circumstances?

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The Grants

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In organisms that reproduce sexually, most variation that can be inherited is due to

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gene recombination during sexual reproduction.

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The number of phenotypes produced for a given trait depends upon

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the number of genes that control the trait.

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A polygenic trait can have

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many possible genotypes, producing many possible phenotypes.

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According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, genetic equilibrium would be more likely in a population of mice if

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no natural selection takes place.

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If an allele makes up one half of the frequency of a population's allele for a given trait, its allele frequency is

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50 percent.

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A factor that is necessary for the formation of a new species is

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reproductive isolation.

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What situation might develop in a population having some plants whose flowers open at midday and other plants whose flowers open late in the day?

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temporal isolation

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A farmer sprays insecticide on his crops to kill unwanted insects. Most of the insects die, and the chemicals have the effect of damaging the DNA of the insects that are not killed. Which of these has happened?

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Mutations have arisen that may have altered allele frequencies.

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What did the Grants learn about mate choice from the Galápagos finches?

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Finches prefer mates with beaks similar in size to their own.

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A single-gene trait that has two alleles and that shows a simple dominant-recessive pattern will result in

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two phenotypes.

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Natural selection acts directly on

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phenotypes.

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Which is the first step that occurred in the speciation of the Galápagos finches?

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founders arrived

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The separation of populations by barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water is called

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geographic isolation

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A change in the genetic material of a cell is called a

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mutation.

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In the Grants' study of the Galápagos finches, what process was encouraged by ecological competition during the dry season?

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directional selection

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Which of the following statements defines the members of a species?

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They mate and produce offspring.

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Which statement about evolution in the Galápagos finches is true?

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Natural selection on beak size and shape is driven by available food

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The type of genetic drift that follows the colonization of a new habitat by a small group of individuals is called

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the founder effect.

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Three sources of genetic variation are

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sexual reproduction, lateral gene transfer, and mutations.

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The frequency of phenotypes for a typical polygenic trait is most often illustrated as

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a bell-shaped curve.

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The genes carried by all members of a particular population make up the population's

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gene pool.

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The situation in which allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population remain constant is called

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genetic equilibrium.

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If a mutation introduces a new skin color in a lizard population, which factor might determine whether the frequency of the new allele will increase?

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whether the mutation makes some lizards more fit for their environment than other lizards

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In genetic drift, the allele frequencies in a gene pool change because of

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chance.

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One of the conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium is

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no immigration or emigration.

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Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do NOT belong to the same

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species

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For many species, there are often regional differences in their

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common names

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Similar DNA sequences in genes can be evidence of

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common ancestry

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What do all organisms have in common?

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They all use DNA to pass on information.

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In an evolutionary classification scheme, species within one genus should

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be more closely related to one another than they are to species in other genera.

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In Linnaeus's system of classification, how many levels are there?

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7

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To be useful, a scientific name has to refer to

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a single species

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What does a cladistic analysis show about organisms?

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the relative degrees of relatedness among lineages

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Often, the second part of a scientific name is

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a description of a trait or habitat.

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In Linnaeus's time, all life was divided into which two kingdoms?

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animals and plants

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One reason common names are not useful to biologists is that they

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can apply to more than one animal.

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One goal of scientists is to assign every organism a universally accepted name according to the system known as

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binomial nomenclature.

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Which kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin?

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Fungi

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Several different classes make up a

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phylum

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What is binomial nomenclature?

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a two-part naming system for identifying organisms

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In evolutionary classification, a monophyletic group includes one

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ancestor and all its descendants.

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In biology, a trait that arose in an ancestor and is passed along to its descendants is referred to as a

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derived character.

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Systematics is

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the science of naming and grouping organisms.

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Linnaean classification involves

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both large and small categories of organisms.

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All organisms in the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia are

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eukaryotes.

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Traditional classifications tended to take into account primarily

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visible similarities and differences.

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Animals that are warm-blooded, have body hair, and produce milk for their young are grouped in the class

answer

mammalia

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