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how our stories shape and distort our memories.

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Psychotherapists who take a narrative approach to personality help clients see:

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accept a new perspective and tell new stories about their experiences.

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Therapists who base therapy around a life narrative approach to personality may encourage people to:

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the meaning of terms such as "self-actualized" and "unconditional positive regard" is unclear.

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When critics note that humanist concepts are hard to define operationally, they mean that:

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personality comprises psychological energy moving within a person. get rid of the parent of the same sex.

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Freud used the term psychodynamic with regard to personality to indicate that:

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get rid of the parent of the same sex.

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According to Freud, a child's primary wish during the Oedipal stage is to:

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whether they are consistent or situation-specific ways of behaving.

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Allport argued that the main difference between central and secondary traits was:

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five to ten central personality traits and many more secondary ones.

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Allport argued that people have:

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a popular but unreliable measure of personality.

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Researchers argue that the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is:

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how excitable, arousable, or responsive a person is.

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In the study of temperament, reactivity is defined as:

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many concepts about unconscious motivations are impossible to confirm or disconfirm.

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When critics of psychodynamic theories note that these theories violate the principle of falsifiability, they mean that:

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denial has occurred.

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When people refuse to admit something unpleasant is happening,

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fixated at the anal stage of psychosexual development.

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According to Freud, people who are messy and disorganized are likely:

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it leaves out important traits such as religiosity, independence, and obsessionality.

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One important critique of the Big Five is that:

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seek recognition and appreciation from their mothers.

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According to object-relations theory, infants:

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are universal symbols, images, and themes that comprise the collective unconscious.

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Jung believed that archetypes:

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less extroverted.

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Although the Big Five personality factors are mostly stable over the life span, some people in later adulthood become:

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repression

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Lucas is a twenty-six year-old student, studying in university. He is often seen by his classmates as distant and uninvolved as he shuns their company and prefers spending time alone. His classmates do not realize that Lucas' behavior arises from a traumatic childhood experience when he was bullied by other kids while in school. However, Lucas has, or claims to have, no memory of the experience. According to Freud's theory, which of the following psychological defense mechanisms is Lucas exhibiting?

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the interaction between individual characteristics and the specific situation.

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Reciprocal determinism refers to:

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mental representations of caregivers, which later affect personality development.

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According to object-relations theory, infants develop:

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a culture of honor.

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In his study of the American South, Nisbett found that high rates of certain kinds of violence were due to:

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whereas Freud focused on infants' desires for gratification, object-relations theorists focused on human attachment.

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Object-relations theory differs from Freudian theory in that:

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influence temperament, which in turn affects how a person experiences the environment.

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According to the theory of reciprocal determinism, an individual's genes:

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Jung believed that people were motivated by future goals and a desire for self-fulfillment.

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One of the most important ways that Freud and Jung differed in their views of personality was that:

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hard work and positive feedback.

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Social learning theorists argue that children acquire the traits of being "ambitious" and "industrious" largely as a result of:

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parents often orchestrate their children's interactions with peers.

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One reason that it is difficult to identify the influence of parents versus peers on a child's personality development is that:

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the emergence of a distinct and coherent life story.? NOT: efforts to understand the challenges of existence, including the need to confront death and take responsibility for our own actions.

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Theorists who focus on life narratives argue that personality development is best viewed as:

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ego

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According to Freud, the system that represents "reason and good sense" is the ________.

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protect people from conflict and anxiety.

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According to Freud, the primary purpose of defense mechanisms is to:

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a tendency to feel negative emotions and anxiety.

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In terms of the Big Five personality factors, neuroticism refers to:

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the stepmother

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According to Jung's theories, which of the following is NOT an archetype?

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repression has occurred.

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When a threatening idea, memory, or emotion is blocked from consciousness,:

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explain their behavior by describing their attitudes and preferences.

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Individuals from collectivist cultures do all of the following EXCEPT:

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objective inventories.? NOT: Factor analysis

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Researchers believe that the most valid and reliable way to identify personality traits is with the use of:

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Nathan catches and tortures little insects every time he father comes home drunk and beats his mother.

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Which of the following instances exhibits the psychological defense mechanism of displacement?

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NOT:observations of large groups of atypical individuals who are undergoing therapy. assumptions about children based on retrospective analysis by adults.?

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An important criticism of psychodynamic theories is that they are derived from:

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displacement

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When people direct their emotions toward things other than the real object of their feelings ________ has occurred.

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the nature of the unconscious.

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Jung and Freud differed most dramatically in their beliefs about

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regression has occurred.

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When a person reverts to immature behavior when under pressure:

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five specific factors or traits are central to personality.

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Factor analysis is a statistical procedure that, when applied to personality testing, suggests that:

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may still have some influence on its expression.

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If a personality trait is highly heritable, parents:

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first identify with their mothers.

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According to object-relations theory, boys:

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more agreeable.

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Although the Big Five personality factors are mostly stable over the life span, some people between the ages of 30 and 40 tend to become:

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when the Oedipus complex is resolved.

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Freud felt that a child's personality is fundamentally formed

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the qualities of the self-actualized person.? NOT:the Big Five personality traits.

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According to Abraham Maslow, the traits most central to personality are:

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It occurs when an individualized personality analysis is given but it is written in such vague terms that it could apply to almost everyone.

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When does the Barnum effect occur in psychological evaluation?

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Existentialism

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________ is a philosophical approach that emphasizes the inevitable dilemmas and challenges of human existence.

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antagonism.

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In the vocabulary of the Big Five personality dimensions, people who are irritable and suspicious are considered high on:

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Gordon Allport

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According to ________, most people have five to ten central traits that reflect a characteristic way of behaving, dealing with others, and reacting to new situations.

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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

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The ________ test is used to identify the 16 possible personality groups that a particular person would belong to, based on whether they are introverted or extroverted and logical or intuitive.

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Objective tests

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________ are standardized questionnaires that require written responses.

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retrospective reports suggest causal relations between events even when they don't occur.? NOT:it is impossible to confirm or disconfirm almost all retrospective reports.

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Of the following, the strongest reason for NOT using retrospective analysis to draw conclusions and theorize about development is that

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superego

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According to psychoanalysis, ________ is the part of personality that represents conscience, morality, and social standards.

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regression

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Which defense mechanism occurs when a person reverts to a previous phase of psychological development?

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universal, symbolic images that appear in myths, art, and dreams.

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According to Carl Jung, archetypes are:

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libido

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In psychoanalysis, the ________ is the psychic energy that fuels the life or sexual instincts of the id.

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independent, greedy little organism ruled by its own instinctive desires.? NOT:blank slate waiting for experiences.

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According to Sigmund Freud, the baby is a(n):

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displace emotions into the creation of art or inventions.? NOT:repress sexual energy until it produces frustration and anxiety.

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Sublimation occurs when people:

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id

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According to Freud, which part of a person's personality exists at birth and is the reservoir of unconscious psychological energies and the motives to avoid pain and obtain pleasure?

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first two

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According to object-relation theorists, the ________ years of life are critical for the inner core of personality.

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nonshared environment

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Which of the following indicate the aspects of a person's environment and experience that are not shared with family members?

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strengthened or diminished through experience

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Psychologists have determined that personality traits that are highly heritable can be ________.

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Reciprocal determinism

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According to social-cognitive learning theories, ________ is the two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits.

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helpfulness

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A child from Kenya goes to work after school and earns money that he provides to his family for their survival. These experiences encourage:

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genetic predisposition does not imply genetic inevitability

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Which of the following is true with regards to the influence of genetics on personality?

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be strongly influenced by her peers but not her parents.

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Diana is an adolescent. Diana's parents feel she should study hard and score great marks; however, her close friends feel that studying just enough to get by is satisfactory. In the above scenario, Diana is most likely to:

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Factor Analysis

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What is the name of the methodology that Raymond B. Cattell developed to identify trait clusters?

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collective unconsciousness

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According to Carl Jung, all human beings share a vast ________ containing universal memories, stories, symbols, and images.

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variation of sexual function.

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A patient confides in his psychoanalyst that he is homosexual. The psychoanalyst prescribes to Freudian views on sexuality and informs his patient that his homosexuality is a:

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Psychoanalysis

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________ is a method of psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud; it emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.

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a distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior, mannerisms, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual? NOT a characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, or feeling

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Define personality.

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trait? NOT:personality

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________ is a characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, or feeling.

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the ego emerges? NOT: Oedipus complex occurs

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According to Freud's Theory, which of the following statements is untrue for the phallic (Oedipal) stage?

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projection

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James is punished by his teacher for disrupting class; a punishment he felt was not fair. After class, to show his displeasure James kicked his desk, damaging it in the process. According to Freud's theory, James is displaying:

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a child's work makes a genuine contribution to the well-being of the family

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A cross-cultural research of several children from different parts of the world revealed that societies in which ________ produced the most altruistic children.

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reactive

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As a baby, Mary was excitable and nervous. When she was presented with a noisy squeak toy, she would cry and get extremely nervous and would squirm. What type of temperament would you say Mary has?

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collectivist culture

answer

Boris lives in a country where it is expected that he will prioritize the community over himself. What type of culture is Boris living in?

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individualist culture

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Katie's parents expect her to do well in the school play that she is involved with and consequently is informed by her parents that the best path to ensure success is to put her acting needs over other actors' performances. What type of culture is Katie living in?

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parents are inconsistent from day to day and over the years

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Which of the following makes it difficult for developmental psychologists to identify the effects of specific child-rearing practices on children's personality traits?

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high, perhaps higher than parental influence for some traits.

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Peer influence on personality development is:

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conditional positive regard

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A child is behaving badly at the dinner table and the parent disciplines the child by telling him that he will be angry with him until he starts to behave himself. According to Carl Rogers, what is this an example of?

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Abraham Maslow.

answer

The focus on self-actualization was a contribution to the study of personality by:

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