FN 2070 EXAM 1
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Glucose is also known as
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Dextrose
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Name the 3 monosaccharies
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Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
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Where are fructose and galactose converted to glucose?
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Liver
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What are the 3 disaccrides? What is each one composed of?
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Sucrose (glucose+fructose) Lactose (glucose+galactose) Maltose (glucose+glucose)
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What is the condensation reaction?
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Anabolic reaction:Molecules bond together and water is formed.
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What are the 2 polysaccharides?
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Starch (amylose+amlopectin) Glycogen
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What is glycogen?
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Stored form of carbohydrates
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What are the 2 types of dietary fiber?
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Soluble/Viscous Non-soluble/Fermentation
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Give an example of functional fiber?
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Oats, Yogurt
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How many calories from added sugar does the DRI recommend?
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about 200
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What is turbinando sugar?
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Raw sugar
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What is the hydrolysis reaction?
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Catabolic Reaction: Breaks down sugar to give us individual molecules
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Where does digestion of carbohydrates begin?
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Mouth
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Where does the majority of carbohydrates digestion occur?
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Small intestine
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What are the 2 types of lactose maldigestion?What is the difference between them?
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Primary- Secondary-
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What type of absorption is used for glucose and galactose?
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Active absorption
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What type of absorption is used for fructose?
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Facilitated
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What is glycogenolysis?
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Breaking down the storage form of carbohydrates
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What is gluconeogenesis?
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Making new glucose
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What is the difference between hypo-and hyper-glycemia?
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Hypo-Low blood sugar Hyper-High blood sugar
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What are the 2 major hormones released by the pancreas? Which one interacts with hyperglycemia and which one interacts with hypoglycemia/
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Insulin-Hyper Glucagon-Hypo
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What is photosynthesis?
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Plants take energy from the sun and convert to glucose
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Who should you go to for nutrition information
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A registered dietitian
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(blank) is the physiological drive to eat that is caused by cues like a decrease in blood glucose.
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Hunger
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(blank) is the psychological drive to eat caused by cues like taste.
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Appetite
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(blank) is regulated by the brain and occurs when there is no longer a desire to eat.
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Satiety
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In order for a nutrient to be considered essential what 3 characteristics must the nutrient have?
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1. Omission leads to decline 2. Regain normal function when restored to the diet 3. Has specific biological function
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What are the 6 classes of nutrients?
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1. Carbohydrates 2. Vitamins 3. Lipids 4. Minerals 5. Proteins 6. Water
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Carbohydrates yield?
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4 kcal/gm
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Lipids yield?
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9 kcal/gm
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Vitamins yield?
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no energy
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Minerals yield?
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No energy
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Alcohol yield?
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7 kcal/gm
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Water yield?
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No energy
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Protein yield?
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4 kcal/gm
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A serving of a specific chip brand has 150 calories in a half cup serving. The chips have 6 grams of fat (lipids), 20 grams of carbohydrates, and 4 grams oof protein. HOW MANY CALORIES ARE FROM FAT, CARBOHYDRATES, AND PROTEIN?
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Carbohydrates=800 Lipids=54 Protein=16
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Anthropometric
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BMI, Skinfold measurement, ETC
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Biochemical
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Blood levels from a lab
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Clinical
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Signs of deficiency
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Dietary
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What the patient eats
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Environmental
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Socieconomic status ETC
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(blank) was introduced in 2011 and is a replacement to the food pyramid.
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Myplate
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What are the 5 \"group\" of myplate?
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grains, veggies, fruit, dairy, protein
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What is Recommended dietary allowance?
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Used to evaluate your current intake of a specific nutrient
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What is adequate intake?
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used to evaluate your current intake of nutrient
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What is estimated energy requirement?
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used to estimate the calorie needs of the average person
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What is upper level?
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used to evaluate the highest amount of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse effects.
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What is daily value?
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used ar a rough guide for comparing the nutrient content of a food to the approximate human needs
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Ingredients on a food label are in order from (blank)
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Most to least
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Foods that are (blank) have nutrients that are not normally in the food item.
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Enriched
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Foods that are (blank) have nutrients that are removed during processing put back into the food.
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Fortified
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In order to reach desirable health you must fulfill the body's?
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Needs
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The cell membrane ....
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controls passage of substances
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Organelles.....
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houses the genetic material DNA
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The nucleus....
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compartments and specialized structures that have specific function
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(blank) transports nutrients from the small intestine to the liver.
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Portal circulation
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The (blank) system is responsible for blood circulation.
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Cardiovascular
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The (blank) system contains lymph and immune cells.
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Lymphatic
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The (bank) system is the regulatory system in the body.
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Nervous
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The (blank) system secretes regulatory substances in the body.
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Endocrine
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(blank) is the muscular contraction used to propel food down the gastrointestinal tract.
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Peristalsis
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(blank) are caused by the bacteria h. pylori and NSAIDS.
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Ulcers
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(blank) cause upper right abdominal pain and removal of gallbladder will fix this problem.
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gallstones
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(blank) will cause impaired digestion for carbohydrates, lipids, and protein.
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Cystic fibrosis
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(blank) is having an allergic reaction to gluten.
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Celiac disease
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What is the treatment form Celiac Disease?
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Elimination of wheat and rye
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What is the treatment of Cystic Fibrosis when it comes to digestion?
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Replacement enzymes
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Amylose chains contain more sites for enzyme action than do amylopectin chains. This means that amylose-containing starchy foods raise blood sugar more quickly than do amylopectin-containing starchy foods.
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False
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Larry is a 39-year-old male who is overweight. He is working with a Registered Dietitian and she has recommended an 1,800-kcal diet for gradual weight loss. Larry wants to ensure he is obtaining enough carbohydrate to meet his energy needs. If Larry follows an 1,800-kcal diet and wants to achieve the recommended 45-65% of his total calories from carbohydrate, how many GRAMS of carbohydrate per day should he be eating?
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203-293 grams of carbohydrate per day
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The treatment for Type 1 diabetes always includes
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insulin
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Insulin:
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Allows cells to take in glucose
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Individuals with type 1 diabetes do not make insulin
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True
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Mary's seven-year-old daughter was recently diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and research indicates that Mary should not feed her daughter any refined sugar products because sugar intake causes hyperactivity in children.
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False
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Recommended Dietary Allowances differ for various stages of life and gender. While adult needs for most nutrients are generally greater than those of children, this is not the case for carbohydrate. Because their bodies are developing so quickly, children aged 1-3 have very high carbohydrate needs that are equal to the number of grams of carbohydrate an adult should have each day. What is the RDA for carbohydrate for both children aged 1-3 and adults?
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130g
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Blood sugar refers to what molecule circulating in blood?
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Glucose
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Omega 3 fatty acids are considered anti-inflammatory
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True
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Regina is a 22-year-old college student who plays on the soccer team. Her coach brought in a registered dietitian to talk about sports nutrition. The RD recommended minimizing trans fatty acids from processed and packaged foods, but she explained that some trans fats do occur naturally. What foods have naturally-occurring trans fatty acids?
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Beef milk and butter
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Regina's grandmother is teaching her how to make mayonnaise. She explains that mayonnaise is made using oil, salt, vinegar (or lemon juice), and egg yolks. Lecithin in the egg yolks acts as an emulsifier. What is an emulsifier?
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An emulsifier suspends fat in water.
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Regina's soccer coach takes the team out for a celebratory meal following a victory. A teammate orders French fries, noting that they must be healthy because the restaurant menu says the fries are fried in \"cholesterol-free\" vegetable oil. Which statement about \"cholesterol-free\" vegetable oil is correct?
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All vegetable oil is cholesterol-free because cholesterol is only found in animal foods.
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Regina's food science class instructor assigned her to create a high-fat cake that will not go rancid as quickly as a standard high-fat cake. Which ingredient might she add to her recipe to prevent rancidity, and why?
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She should add an antioxidant like vitamin C because antioxidants slow rancidity.
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Regina is trying to cut back on her fat intake to help reduce total calorie intake and promote gradual weight loss. If she follows an 1,800-calorie meal plan and wants to achieve the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range recommendation of total fat being between 20-35% of calories, how many grams of fat per day should she be eating?
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40-70 grams of fat per day
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Regina's pregnant sister is interested in boosting her intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), two essential fatty acids that can be made from alpha-linolenic (omega-3) acid. She has heard that EPA and DHA are important for cancer prevention, brain health, cardiovascular disease prevention, and immune function. Which food is the best source of EPA + DHA?
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fatty fish
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Regina's dad and grandfather have both had heart attacks and she is concerned about her own heart health. In addition to increasing her fruit and vegetable intake, Regina is considering taking antioxidant supplements to help reduce cardiovascular disease risk. What does the American Heart Association recommend regarding the use of antioxidant supplements such as vitamin E to help reduce cardiovascular disease risk?
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People at elevated risk for cardiovascular disease should not take antioxidant supplements; vitamin E provides no overall benefit for major cardiovascular even
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Involuntary muscle contractions which move a bolus through the gastrointestinal tract are called
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peristalsis
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Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the
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Stomach
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Most nutrient absorption occurs in the
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small intestine
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What organ produces bile?
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liver
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Which of the following is the correct order for the major parts of the gastrointestinal tract?
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mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
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Which of the following does NOT stimulate the secretion of HCl in the stomach?
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secretin
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Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to
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hydrochloric acid in chyme.
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Which of the following enzymes is produced by the stomach?
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pepsin
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When chyme enters the duodenum, gastric secretion increases.
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False
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All absorbed nutrients eventually travel to the
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Liver
