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Parole

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the early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorities

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Probation

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a sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court (in the form of a probation officer), subject to certain conditions for a specified time

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Probation revocation

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an administrative act performed by a parole authority that removed a person from parole, or a judicial order by a court removing a person from parole or probation, in response to a violation on the part of the parolee or probationer. When probation is revoked, you're going to serve jail time.

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Minnesota v. Murphy

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the Supreme Court ruled that the probation officer-client relationship is not confidential, as a physician-patient and attorney-client relationships are. It also held that a probation officer could even use trickery or psychological pressure to get information and turn it over to the police

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Griffin v. Wisconsin

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the Supreme Court held that a probationer's home may be searched without a warrant on the groups that probation departments \"have in mind the welfare of the probationer\" and must \"respond quickly to evidence of misconduct\"

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US v. Knights

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the Supreme Court upheld the legality of a warrantless search of a probationer's home for the purposes of gathering criminal evidence. The court ruled that the home of a probationer who is suspected of a crime can be searched without a warrant if (a) the search is based on reasonable suspicion that he had committed another crime while on probation and (b) a condition of his previous probation was that he would submit to searches

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Do more probationers successfully complete their sentence?

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Yes

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Intermediate sanction

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the group of punishments falling between probation and prison (\"probation plus\"). Community-based sanctions, including house arrest and intensive supervision, serve as alternatives to incarceration

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Forfeiture

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the seizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty (ex. drug money, car bought using drug money, etc...)

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Fines

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levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds

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Day fines

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a fine geared to the average daily income of the convicted offender in an effort to bring equity to the sentencing process

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Restitution

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a condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused (ex. cleaning graffiti off walls)

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House arrest

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having to stay in the premises of your home

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Shock probation

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a sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation, to impress them with the pains of imprisonment

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Split sentencing

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a practice that requires convicted criminals to spend a portion of their sentence behind bars and the remainder in the community

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Residential community corrections (RCC)

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a non-secure facility, located in the community, that houses probationers who need a more secure environment. Typically, residents are free during the day to go to work, school, or treatment, and return in the evening for counseling sessions and meals

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Nonresidential community-based treatment programs

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day reporting centers (DRCs), these provide a single location to which a variety of clients can report for supervision and treatment

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Pennsylvania system

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a prison system, developed in Pennysylvania during the nineteenth century, based on total isolation and individual penitence

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Auburn system

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a prison system, developed in New York during the nineteenth century, based on congregate (group) work during the day and separation at night

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Contract system

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a prison industry system, widely employed until after the Civil War, in which officials sold the labor of prison inmates to private businesses, for use either inside or outside the prison

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Convict-lease system

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a contract system in which a private business leased prisoners from the state for a fixed annual fee and assumed full responsibility for their supervision and control

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Public account system

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a prison industry system, popular after the Civil War, in which employment was directed by the state and the products of the prisoners' labor were sold for the benefit of the state

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Elmira Reformatory and its relationship with prison reform efforts

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Located in New York, warden was Zebulon Brockway, who advocated individualized treatment, the indeterminate sentence, and parole. The reformatory program initiated at Elmira included elementary education for illiterates, designated library hours, lectures by faculty members of the local Elmira College, and a group of vocational training shops. Used military-like training to discipline the inmates and organize the institution

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How did prisons in the 20th century differs from the Pennsylvania and Auburn Systems?

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there were prisons that advocated reform; in some, of the more rigid prisons rules gave way to liberal reform; a more important trend was the development of specialized prisons designed to treat particular types of offenders; prison industry also evolved

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Differences between prison and jail: Jail

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jail is temporary, inmates awaiting trial.

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Primary purpose of jail

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1) they detain accused offenders who cannot make or are not eligible for bail prior to trial 2) they hold convicted offenders awaiting sentence 3) they serve as the principal institution of secure confinement for offenders convicted of misdemeanors 4) they hold probationers and parolees picked up for violations and waiting for a hearing 5) they house felons when state prisons are overcrowded

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Differences between prison and jail: prison

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prison is for more serious crimes, sentences longer than a year and a day

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Minimum-security prison

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the least secure correctional institution, which houses white-collar and nonviolent offenders, maintains few security measures, and has liberal furlough and visitation policies

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Medium-security prison

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a less secure institution that houses nonviolent offenders and provides more opportunities for contact with the outside world

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Maximum-security prison

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a correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measures, high walls, and limited contact with the outside world

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Super-maximum-security prison

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a form of maximum security prison, which uses high-level security measures to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day

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What and where is \"Tent City\"?

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Arizona, it is a program in which prison inmates can work outside and live in tents in order to receive certain privileges they would not have access to without completing this work

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Boot camp (these don't work)

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a short-term, militaristic correction facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline

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Shock incarceration (these don't work)

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a short-term correctional program based on a boot camp approach that makes use of a military-like regime of high-intensity physical training

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Inmate subculture

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the loosely defined culture that pervades prisons and has its own norms, rules, and language

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Inmate social code

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1) don't interfere with inmates' interests 2) don't lose your head 3) don't exploit inmates 4) be tough and don't lose your dignity 5) don't be a sucker

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Work release

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a prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community, returning to prison at night

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Furlough

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a correctional policy that allows inmates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training, for employment, or to maintain family ties

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Elements of successful rehabilitation programs

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1) teach interpersonal skills 2) provide individual counseling 3) make use of behavior modification techniques 4) use cognitive-behavioral therapy 5) stress improving moral reasoning 6) combine in-prison therapeutic communities with follow-up community treatment

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Differences between male and female institutions?

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1) female institutions are smaller than male institutions 2) females are less danger to staff, less violent behavior, less aggressive behavior, and more social support both internal and external

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