Historical Perspectives Final Exam Gordon College Professor Smith

~People groups who are outside of Rome ~Don't speak Latin ~Mainly Germanic ~Nomadic ~Seen as uncivilized and unorganized ~~Loved their freedom ~~Tribes centered around a chief or king ~Often attacked the orders of the Roman empire

~Pope Gregory- 6th, 7th century ~~Gregory \"the Great\" ~~Sent missionaries to the British Islands ~~~Sent them with a Bible and Saint Augustine confessions ~Born a wealthy Roman ~Left wealth for the church ~~~Sells his family buildings ~~~Turns his house into a monastery where he serves as a monk ~~Educated in Rome, served as ambassador between east and west Rome ~Saint Augustine

~Were being pushed out of Asia by the Huns ~Nomadic people ~~Pushed west and south toward the borders ~Admitted to Rome in 376, but not with open arms ~~Wanted to be in Roman military and part of the Roman empire ~They were always starving ~~Everyone even nobles were selling their kids for dog meet ~Sack Rome in 410 AD ~Finally settle in Spain and Portugal

~Upper class didn't care for Emperor Justinian's reforms ~Circus factions (Sports teams) Chariot races ~Blues, reds, greens, whites ~~~Justinian supported the blues ~~Became social structures with political influence ~Two members of the green and blue teams were convicted and Justinian went through with the execution ~~People cheer Nika- Victory ~~People revolt against him ~Justinian and Theodora (his wife) have to hold out until the army returns

~Praying 5 times a day ~Confession of faith (Shahadah) ~~No God, but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet ~Fasting during Ramadan ~~No food, drink, sex, partying ~Pilgrimage (Hajj) ~~Everyone is required to make a pilgrimage once in their life to Mecca ~Giving Alms to the poor ~Ka'aba or Kaaba ~~Large black stone ~~The center of Israel's most sacred mosque ~~Wherever they are in the world muslims are supposed to face it when they pray ~Muhammad was born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia ~~Pagan religions, Jews, Christians Praying 5 times a day, Alms, Fasting all borrowed from Christianity ~Muhammad was an orphan ~~In a cave when he had a vision from an angel ~~Allah told him he was going to be the founder of the new religion ~Went to Mecca ~~Christians and Jews reject him ~~Him and his followers (Ummah) forced to flee to Medina ~~622 AD ~~~Start of the Islamic calendar ~Flight to Medina is called Hejira ~~Converts many of the people to Islam ~Goes back to Mecca and takes the city ~~Writes the Koran ~~~Doesn't follow a narrative

Romulus

~From Africa- Hippo, near Carthage ~Didn't grow up Christian ~Becomes very ill as a child ~~Parents were trying to decide if they should baptize him or not ~Joined Manichaeism ~~Positive energies of a good God, negative energies of a bad God ~~Ate fruit to get the positive energy ~~Dualistic religion ~Partier and long time Mistress ~~Had a son with her ~Mother was a Christian and Saint Ambrose ~~Two main people who helped him become Christian ~Two Main books ~~Saint Augustine Confessions ~~City of God ~Became a Bishop in Hippo ~Very opposed to Pelagius ~~He believed in free will ~~Augustine believed we were all dead inside ~~Can't choose Christianity until God changes you ~Sent to Carthage at age 17 for school because he was really smart ~~Wealthy neighbor payed for him

Selling the positions in the church Mainly higher up positions Pope, Priests, Bishops

King of the Franks Battlefield conversion Wife was already Christian Became an Orthodox, Roman Catholic 481 to 511 AD

Named After Charlemagne Loved scholarly people Surrounded himself in them Renewal of education

A handbook for Monks Benedictine rule Way of life for monks and nuns Vow of Chastity Vow of Poverty An acceptance of complete obedience to the abbott

Had to come and fight with their Lord for a minimum of 40 days Lord gave a section of Land to the vassal that they could use Would have to show hospitality to the Lord when he comes to visit Spend a lot of money on housing him and his entourage Not just a one time deal Also loyal to the king's son

Northmen from the North Viking people from Norway and Denmark Muslims from the South Magyars from the East

Conflict between the Pope and the King Who got to appoint Bishops King Henry IV From Germany, became Holy Roman Emperor Pope Gregory VII Church won in the end Henry IV was excommunicated 11th century

Workers unions Only way to get a job was to be in a guild Apprenticeship first Then craftsman Then master of your craft

Christian armies from Europe trying to take back the Holy land from the muslims Some were successful, some were failures Also went to fight the Jews sometimes 4th Crusade Turned to sack Constantinople because the trip was taking too long Pope Urban II declares first Crusade- 1095 Saladin Took back Jerusalem after Crusaders temporarily held it

33% ⅓ 1 out of every 3

Nobles Fight and offer protection to other orders of society Clergy Those who pray on behalf of everyone else Serfs, Laborers, Guildsman Those who work The people with the 9-5 day job

Took the call for one of the crusades Rode out a day and then had a vision of Jesus Saw Jesus on a cross and the wounds of Jesus reached out like lasers and put wounds on him That was his conversion Founder of the Franciscan orders Followers came to be known as Franciscan friars

Gothic architecture Things that support huge windows, stained glass Huge arches

Great Famine- 1315-1317 Black Death- 1346-1353, 1347 (peak) First Crusade- 1095 Charlemagne- 800, Christmas

Luther ~Germany Zwingli ~Switzerland Calvin ~Switzerland (Geneva) ~Writings popular in Scotland ~Born in France Protestantism ~Faith based ~Believe and you are saved ~Consubstantiation ~~Bread and wine are metaphorically Jesus ~~Luther ~Memorial ~~Just bread and wine ~~Zwingli Catholic ~Very regimented ~Hierarchy ~Transubstantiation ~~Bread and wine become body and blood of Christ ~~Catholic Baptism ~Anabaptists ~~Zwingli ~~Baptism as adults ~Infant Baptism ~~Calvin Luther ~95 Theses- 1517 ~Halloween or Reformation day ~Tower Experience Calvin ~Institutes of the Christian religion ~Beliefs of what the church is like

Counter reformation ~Fix some of the abuses ~Still do what they want to do Council of Trent- 1545-1563 ~Importance of priesthood ~Need for confession ~Getting rid of Simony Indulgences phased out Theresa ~From Ovala, Spain ~Carmelite order ~~Founded the barefoot Carmelites ~~~Poverty was a big focus Writings Inner Castle ~Metaphor for the Soul ~Castle made of seven mansions each one brings you closer to God ~Way of Perfection Ignacious ~Loyola, Spain ~Founded the Jesuits ~~The society of Jesus ~~Involved in missions ~~~Spreading the gospel all over the world ~~~~Poverty, chastity, missions ~~Caring for the poor, caring for the sick, Education of all youth

Human world view More focused on Human instead of God Human is the main focus of people's attention Most rational answer

Lutherans ~Luther ~Germany Calvinists ~Calvin ~Switzerland, Scotland Anabaptists ~Zwingli ~Switzerland

Communion Baptism

Emphasis on humans Being realistic Realistic colors and subjects Perspective A lot of portraits People sitting A lot of religious symbols and imagery Paintings of Religious stories and figures Paint from live models Look at something and try to paint it Emphasis on classical paintings White sculptures from Greece and Rome Paint had just peeled off They didn't know

Political leaders, rich people, Church Would pay artists to Paint something Sistine chapel Patrons of the arts would get a lot of name for themselves

Abuses of the church ~Indulgences ~Simony ~Reform as an institution not as doctrine Agreed that there were issues on how it was run Disagreed on Individual salvation

October 31, 1517 Martin Luther

India, Malaysia, Japan From Portugal Engulfs himself in the culture ~Adapts the message to the places and the people ~Let them keep some of their practices

Council of Trent 1543-1563 Printing Press- 1439, 1440 Protestant Reformation- 1517 Giotto Painting Giotto- 1266-1337

Renaissance- Italy ~Florence ~Medici family Reformation- Germany Protestantism ~Germany, Switzerland, England Catholicism ~Spain, Portugal, France ~French Protestants- Huguenots

Einhard- scholar Big fan of Charlemagne Historical dates, events, people

His Conversion Hard time, not feeling life, doesn't know what to do to be good Feels like a bad monk Reads Romans 1:16-17 Lightbulb- he understands everything Faith=Salvation Written in first person Martin Luther: 95 Theses- 1517 Lists all the faults of the Catholic church and how to fix them Experiences of what's wrong with the church Indulgences Mad at priests Boccaccio: The Decameron- 1353 10 sections Fictional story Black Death What it's like to have the black death

Brunelleschi Florence

Donatello b. What does David symbolize? Florence c. What does Goliath's head symbolize? Milan d. What is the sculpture made of? Silver and Bronze

Donatello b. Who is the statute meant to represent? Mary Magdalen

Leonardo Davinci b. What is the subject of the painting? Last Supper c. In what kind of room/building was it painted? Refectory, Convent of Maria De la Grace in Milan

Michelangelo b. What material is the sculpture made of? Marbel c. What is the message of this work of art? Mary holding Jesus