Chapter 7 – Launching the Nation
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Who was unanimously elected by the electoral college in January 1789; And the first president?
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George Washington
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What is a body of electors who represent the people's vote in choosing the president?
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electoral college
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Who was George Washington's wife and what did she do with him?
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Martha Washington; entertained and accompanied her husband at social events. She was in charge of the presidential household.
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why was Washington selected to be president
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People saw him as honest leader and a hero of the Revolution
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What is an action or decision that later serves as an example?
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precedent
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Who did Washington chose for secretary of state? And also served as ambassador to France?
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Thomas Jefferson
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Who did Washington chose for secretary of treasury?
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Alexander Hamilton; also a gifted economic planner
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Who served as secretary of war? And helped Washington run the Continental Army
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Henry Knox
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Who was chosen as postmaster general? And had government experience?
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Samuel Osgood
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What act did Congress pass that created the 3 levels of federal court and defined their powers and relationship to the state courts.
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Judiciary Act of 1789
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What 2 important precedents were established for the federal government?
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First congress created departments in the excutive branch for different areas of national policy ( Cabinet ). The create of 3 levels of federal courts and defined their powers and relationship to the state court
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Who was George Washington's vice president?
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John Adams
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Who was John Adams wife and what did she believe?
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Abigail Adams; believed women needed to play a larger role in the nation than Martha Washington did.
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Why did Abigail Adams and Judith Sargent Murray believe women should play a larger role in the nation?
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because they educated their children to be good citizens; this was called Republican Motherhood
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What did most women in the early republic face?
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long days managing their households and working hard inside or outside the home to support their families
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What did the new federal government establish in many areas when creating policies and procedures that would have great influence on the future nation?
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a precedent; an action or decision that later serves as an example
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What did Congress form to oversee various areas of national policy?
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departments in the executive branch
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What were the department heads that the president, Washington, met with known as?
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cabinet members and key advisors
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Who nominated candidates for federal judgeships
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the president
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Who held the power to approve or accept judges?
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The Senate
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Explain what the Judiciary Act of 1789 created
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3 levels of federal courts and defined their powers and relationship to the state courts; set up federal district courts and circuit courts of appeals
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What did Americans expect for the new nation?
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trade that did not have the limits put in place by the British Parliament; protection from the government and stable economy
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About how many people lived in the US in 1790?
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4 million
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Most Americans worked on farms; what did these Americans hope for?
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fair taxes, the right to move onto western lands, they did not want the government to interfere with their daily lives
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What did Americans who lived in towns worked as craftspeople, laborers, or merchants want?
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help with their businesses; Merchants wanted simpler trade laws. Manufacturers wanted laws to shield them from overseas competitors.
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Most cities were small; what two places topped 25,000 residents?
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New York and Philadelphia
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What was the first capital and reflected the new nation's spirit?
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New York City
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What did the agreement in 1792 that some 24 stockbrokers signed under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street create?
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the New York Stock Exchange; it cemented Wall Streets' image as the economic hub of the US
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As secretary of treasury, what was Hamilton's biggest challenge?
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paying off the national debt that was occurred from the Revolutionary War; (money owed by the United States)
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Money owed by the United States from the Revolutionary War is called ?
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national debt
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certificates of debt that carry a promise to buy back at a higher price is called?
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Bonds
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How much did the US owed to foreign countries from the war?
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about $11.7 million
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About how much did the US owe the citizens?
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$40.4 million
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How did the government raise money during the Revolutionary war?
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Bonds; certificates of debt that cary a promise to buy back the bonds at a higher price
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The government could not keep the promise to buy the bonds back at higher prices so who did some bond holders sell their bonds to?
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speculators
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Who are speculators?
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people who buy items at low prices in the hope that the value will rise and they can sell the items for a profit
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What was Hamilton's plan in nation's debt ?
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pay the foreign debt immediately and gradually repay the total value of all bonds
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Why did Jefferson disagree with Hamilton's plan for national debt?
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he thought the idea cheated bondholders who had sold their bonds at low prices; \"Immense sums were thus filched (stolen) form the poor ignorant\"
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Who did most politicians agree with when it concerned paying back the bonds
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Hamilton; and paying back the bonds; in 1790 the government exchanged old bonds for new, more reliable ones that were guaranteed
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The states owed $25 million for the Revolutionary war expenses; how much did Hamilton want to pay and why?
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$21.5 million; he believed this action would help the federal government and paying the debts would help the national economy; it would free up the states money for trade and business
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Why did southern states, such as Virginia and North Carolina, objecte to paying the war debts?
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their war debts were relatively low
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In the 1790s, most Americans lived_______?
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in the countrysides and worked on family farms.
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In his farewell address in 1796, president Washington advised American of what?
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The dangers of ties with foreign nations
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President Washington demonstrated the government's power under the new constitution to enforce federal law in the way he handle the _______
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Judiciary Act of 1789
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In 1792, 24 stockbrokers signed an agreement under a tree on wall street in manhattan. This event was the foundation of the future ________.
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New York Stock Exchange
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What issues on which Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson had differing views?
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role of the central government, national bank and protective tariffs
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The two party system that exists in American politics today first arose during the election of which president?
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John Adams
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Why did the Southern states want the capital moved?
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they thought it gave the northern states to much power
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How did Hamilton, Jefferson, and James Madison get the southern states to help pay off the war debts?
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change the location of the capital from New York to Philadelphia for 10 years then finally to Washington, DC
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What kind of government did Hamilton want?
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a strong central (federal) government that balanced power between the \"mass of the people\" and wealthier citizens; he did not want the citizens to have to much power; he had little faith in the average person
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What kind of government did Jefferson want?
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protection of state powers; the people had a right to rule the country; he admitted that \"the people can not be all, and always, informed\"
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How did Hamilton want the economy to grow? List 3 ways
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promote manufacturing and business; suggested government award a prize to companies that made excellent products; higher tariffs known as protective tariffs to encourage purchasing American goods
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How did Jefferson want the economy to grow? List 2 ways
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did not want to depend to much on business and manufacturing; backed farmers and lower tariffs
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What was Hamilton's plan for a National Bank?
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wanted a national bank so the government could safely deposit money; it would make loans to the government and businesses; should build a national mint; each state should also have it's own bank; loose construction
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Why did Jefferson and Madison disagree with a national bank?
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he believed a national bank would give the federal government to much power; the US Constitution did not give Congress the power to create a bank; strict construction
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What clause did Hamilton declare allowed the government the ability to create a national bank?
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the Elastic Clause
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What is loose construction? And who supported it?
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means the federal government can take reasonable actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid; Hamilton
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What is strict construction? And who supported it?
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favoring that the federal government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do; Jefferson
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Why did Washington and Congress want The Bank of the United States?
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It helped make the U.S. economy more stable.
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Who enacted a charter for the, Bank of the United States, the country's first national bank?
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Congress
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The third U.S. president
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Thomas Jefferson
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A rebellion of French people against their king in1789
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French Revolution
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neutral
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unbiased, not favoring either side in a conflict
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agreement
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a decision reached by two or more people
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Little Turtle
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Commander of Native American Alliance who, supplied by British guns, defeated US forces in 1790
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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
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Documents argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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These laws were said to protect the United States, but the Federalists intended them to crush opposite to war
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XYZ Affair
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The French demand for a bribe came to be called
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Democratic Party
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wanted to limit the federal goverment's power
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Federlist Party
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Wanted a strong federal goverment and supported industry and trade
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Political Parties
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Groups that help elect people and shape policies
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Whiskey Rebellion
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Farmers lashed out against the tax of whiskey
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Treaty of Greenville
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Gave the United States claim to most Indian lands in the Northwest Territory
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Battle of Fallen Timbers
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On August 20, 1794, Native Americans fought Anthony Wayne's troops and were defeated
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Pickney's Treaty
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Settled the border and trade disputes with Spain
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Jay's Treaty
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Settled the disputes that had arisen between the United States and Great Britain in the early 1790's
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Privateers
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Private ships hired by a country to attack its enemies
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Bank of the United States
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The countrys first national bank
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French Revolution
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A rebellion of French people against their king in1789
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Neutrality Proclamation
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Stated that the United States would not take sides with any European countries that were at war
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The first capital of the Untited States was in __________.
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New York City
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Alien Act
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gave president authority to deport individuals whom he considered threat to US
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Sedition Act
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made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government
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Edmund Gen
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France's new representative to the united states that asked American seamen to command privateers
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Cabinet
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5 Departments heads appointed by president and approved by senate (job advise the president)
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Mt. Vernon
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Washington's home in Virginia
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He lost the presidential election of 1796 and later tried to declare the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional.
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Thomas Jefferson
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He won the presidential election of 1796 and became the second president of the United States.
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John Adams
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What are the 3 branches of U.S. government?
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Executive, Legislative, Judicial
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The branch of government that carries out the law is _______.
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Executive branch
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The branch of government that makes the law is _______.
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Legislative branch
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The branch of government that interpret/evaluate the law is _______.
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Judicial branch
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neutral
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unbiased, not favoring either side in conflict
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concede
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to acknowledge, often reluctantly, as being true,just, or proper
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How did Alien and Sedition Acts create division among some Americans?
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It goes against our freedom of speech and freedom of the press, violated our constitution.
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In what ways did Hamilton and Jefferson disagree in the economy?
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Hamilton want to promote manufacturing and business, Jefferson want agricultural and farming.
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Why Washington believe it was important for US to remain neutraul?
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Be allied with other nations will involve war
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Hamilton wants ____ protective tariffs (higher taxes), ____ banks, ____government .
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to pass , national, strong central ( balance power between \" mass of people\" and wealthier citizens )
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Jefferson wants _____ protective tariffs (higher taxes), _____ banks, _____ government.
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no, no national, people to rule
