Benjamin Franklin’s Albany Plan and Anne Hutchinson’s Religious Dissent
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Albany Plan
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plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown
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Anne Hutchinson
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A religious dissenter whose ideas provoked an intense religious and political crisis in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1636 and 1638. She challenged the principles of Massachusetts's religious and political system. Her ideas became known as the heresy of Antinomianism, a belief that Christians are not bound by moral law. She was latter expelled, with her family and followers, and went and settled at Pocasset ( now Portsmouth, R.I.)
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Bacon's Rebellion
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1676 Virginian rebellion of frontiersmen (wretched bachelors) sparked by governor Berkeley's refusal to retaliate for a series of brutal Indian attacks on frontier settlements; killed Indians, chased Berkeley from Jamestown, and set fire to Jamestown; plundering and pilfering; crushed by Berkeley with cruelty of hanging over twenty rebels; rebellion ignited resentments of landless former servants and pitted the frontiersmen against the gentry of the plantations; caused gentry to seek out African slaves
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City on a hill
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Biblical ideal, invoked by John Winthrop, of a society governed by civil liberty (where people did only that which was just and good) that would be an example to the world
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Congregational Church
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A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves.
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Freedom of conscience
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The right of an individual to believe and act in accordance with his/her own religious or philosophical beliefs so long as such beliefs and actions do not infringe on the life, liberty or property of another.
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French and Indian War
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(1754-1763) Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in 1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.
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George Whitefield
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leader of Great Awakening was spellbinding evangelist. Stressed need of \"new birth\".
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Great Awakening
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A period of huge religious revival throughout the colonies, sparked by a few strong religious speakers, called the \"new lights.\"
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Great Puritan Migration
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Many Puritans migrated from England to North America during the 1620s to the 1640s due to belief that the Church of England was beyond reform. Ended in 1642 when King Charles I effectively shut off emigration to the colonies with the start of the English Civil War.
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Halfway covenant
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A Puritan church policy of 1662, which allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the \"elect\" members of the church from the regular members. Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.
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Harvard College
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the first American college, established in 1636 by Puritan theologians who wanted to create a training center for ministers. The school was named for John Harvard, a Charleston minister, who had left it his library and half his estate.
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Headright System
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Colonial system of awarding a tract of land, usually fifty acres, to a person who paid for the passage of an indentured servant to the colonies. Some wealthy people in Virginia and other southern colonies accumulated huge tracts of land through this system.
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House of Burgesses
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the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legislative acts.
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Indentured Servants
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4-5 years of servitude to a master in return for housing, board and a passage to America. At the end of their time they were supposed to receive benefits: clothes, tools, land etc. but generally weren't given anything.
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Iroquois Confederacy
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A powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida.
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James Oglethorpe
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Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony.
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John Locke
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(1632-1704) English philosopher, advocated \"social contract\", government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people, people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.
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Jonathan Edwards
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(1703-1758) Preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans. He played a critical role in shaping the Great Awakening and his sermon \"In the Hands of an Angry God\" is considered a classic piece of early American Literature.
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King Philip's War
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1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.
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Mayflower Compact
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1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.
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Mercantilism
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An economic system to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests.
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Middle Passage
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A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. This is the term used to describe the part of Triangle Trade in which slaves were shipped from Africa to the Western Hemisphere.
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New England town hall meetings
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This was a form of direct democratic rule in New England. All members of a community come together to legislate policies, budgets, and laws for local government.
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New England Confederation
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New England colonists formed the New England Confederation in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization.
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Peter Zenger Trial
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a trial that occurred in 1735 which resulted in the growing freedom of press and was one the most controversial trials of the colonial period. Peter Zenger was a German immigrant and journalist who was put on trial after publishing material unfavorable to the governor. The verdict after much divide ended up being as \"not guilty.\"
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Phyllis Wheatley
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The first African-American woman to publish a book. Her Poems on Various Subjects Religious and Moral drew praise from even George Washington. Born in Africa and abducted at the age of nine, she was taught by her \"masters\" to read and write and gained freedom after they passed away.
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Pilgrims/Separatists
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Rejected the idea of simply reforming the Church of England. Wanted to organize a completely separate church that was independent of royal control. Left England in search of religious freedom.
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Proprietary, Royal, Charter Colonies
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The various types of English colonies in North America; the proprietary colonies were set up by a sponsor (proprietor) who usually attained the rights to the land and government by a royal grant; royal colonies were formed by the King of England and thus were under complete control by England; charter colonies were set up by a royal charter to a company or group of people and control was split between England and the charter-holders.
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Puritans
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A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled in Massachusetts Bay.
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Quakers
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English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacifisms, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania.
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Roger Williams
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A dissenter, Roger Williams clashed with Massachusetts Puritans over the issue of separation of church and state. After being banished from Massachusetts in 1636, he traveled south, where he founded the colony of Rhode Island, which granted full religious freedom to its inhabitants.
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Salem Witch Trials
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Outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress when Cotton Mather was the chief judge.
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Salutary Neglect
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A long standing English policy of not enforcing parliamentary laws that were created in order to keep the colonies obedient to England. Prime Minister Robert Walpole's policy. He was more concerned with British affairs and believed that unrestricted trade with the colonies would be more profitable for England than would taxation of the colonies.
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Stono Rebellion
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The most serious slave rebellion in the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.
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Thomas Hobbes
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English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy. His 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory.
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Trade and Navigation Acts
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These acts severely limited American trade to all countries except for England. The establishment of this act created many smugglers and the Dominion of New England was created, in part, to enforce the hated act. The act was seen by Americans as unnecessary and easy to get around.
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William Bradford
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A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks
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William Penn
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An English Quaker who founded Pennsylvania in 1682 after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a \"holy experiment\" based on religious tolerance. His goal was also to establish a place where people could live in peace and be free from religious persecution.
