question

Donald Super

answer

Developmental approach to career theory

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Life-span, life-space

answer

Used to describe Super's theory

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Super's Vocational Development Task

answer

Growth (birth-14/15)- development of capacity, interest, and self-concept Exploration (15-24) - Tentative choices made Establishment (25-44) - Trial (in work situations) and stabilize Maintenance (45-64) - Continual adjustment process Decline (65+) - Preretirement, work output issues and retirement. He later changed decline to disengagement.

question

Self-concept

answer

One of Donald Super's greatest contributions to career development has been his emphasis on the importance of the development of self-concept. According to Super, self-concept changes over time and develops as a result of experience. As such, career development is lifelong.

question

Who first identified the concept of career maturity?

answer

Super

question

What did Super later rename career maturity?

answer

Career adaptability - he did this to make it less age related

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Super's Vocational Development Tasks

answer

Crystalization - forming a general vocational goal through awareness Specification - moving from tentative to a specific vocational choice Implementation - completing training and entering employment Stabilization - confirming a preferred choice by performing the job Consolidation - becoming established in a career; advancing; achieving status

question

Why do the ages of Super's stages no longer apply?

answer

Some people have gaps in their employment and recycle. This model was initially focused primarily on white, middle-class, college-educated males. Super later recognized that we can repeat or recycle through these developmental tasks.

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Late Super - 1970s

answer

At this point he viewed career development as more holistic - involving more of the individual than just the job or career.

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Life-career rainbow

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Super's concept - included the life span with its major stages and life space which consists of the roles we play

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Nine roles in Super's life-career rainbow

answer

child, student, citizen, spouse, homemaker, parent, worker, leisurite, pensioner

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Four theaters in which the roles are played out

answer

home, community, school, and workplace

question

Super's archway model

answer

A graphic representation of the many determinants that comprise one's self-concept. One pillar - the factors and variables within the individual that influence career development (needs, aptitudes, interests, achievements) Second pillar - external factors such as family, community, and labor market Top of the arch between the two pillars it the Self of the individual.

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Super's Career Pattern Study

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Examined the vocational behavior of 9th graders all the way into their 30s. Those adolescents who were career mature and achieving in high school tended to be more career mature and successful as young adults.

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John Holland

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Personality approach to career development (actuarial or structural in approach)

question

To Holland, career choice is an expression of...

answer

personality. We choose a career based on the stereotypes we hold about different jobs or careers.

question

Holland's six modal personal orientations (personality types) develop based on what three factors

answer

Genetics, environment, family influences

question

List Holland's six types

answer

Realistic Investigative Artistic Social Enterprising Conventional

question

Realistic

answer

Aggressive, prefers explicit tasks requiring physical manipulation; poor interpersonal skills Examples: mechanic, technician

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Investigative

answer

intellectual; prefers systematic, creative investigative activities; has poor persuasive and social skills Examples: chemist, computer programmer

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Artistic

answer

imaginative; prefers self-expression via physical, verbal or other materials; dislikes systematic and ordered activities Examples: artist, editor

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Social

answer

social; prefers activities that inform, develop, or enlighten others; dislikes activities involving tools or machines Examples: teacher, counselor

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Enterprising

answer

Extroverted, prefers leadership and persuasive roles; dislikes abstract, cautious activities Examples: manager, sales personnel

question

Conventional

answer

practical; prefers ordered, structured activities; dislikes ambiguous and unsystematized tasks Examples: file clerk, cost accountant

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Every person has all six types in varying amounts

answer

And occupational environments may be categorized into the same six types because environments are defined by the people (types) in that environment

question

What are two methods for determining an individual's Holland type?

answer

Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) Self-Directed Search (SDS) Focused questions in an interview

question

Name two inventories that have adopted Holland's typology?

answer

Strong Interest Inventory (SII) Career Assessment Inventory (CAI)

question

Most occupations in the US have been assigned a Holland type and can be found in the...

answer

Dictionary of Holland Occupational Titles

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What shape did Holland use to explain important concepts about his theory?

answer

Hexagon

question

The types are arranged around the hexagon in order with the R starting where?

answer

R is in the left upper point of the hexagon. From there, each point follow in order of RIASEC

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Consistency

answer

adjacent pairs of types are more psychologically alike than nonadjacent pairs

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Differentiation

answer

an individual's profile of six types has significant highs and lows (differentiated) or the profile of six types tends to be flat (undifferentiated)

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Congruence

answer

The individual's type and the environment type are the same

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Vocational identity

answer

high identity individuals are those who have a clear and stable picture of their interests and goals

question

Linda Gottfredson

answer

Developmental approach to career theory Circumscription and Compromise

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When was Gottfredson's theory developed?

answer

1980s

question

Vocational self-concept is central and influences occupational selection

answer

...

question

Circumscribe

answer

Individuals narrow down occupations

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Compromise

answer

They also compromise by opting out of unavailable or inappropriate occupations as they develop

question

Gottfredson's Four Stages of Career Development

answer

Orientation to size and power (3-5) - Children have neither; they are concrete thinkers and begin to understand what it means to be an adult. Even at age three they can name occupations they would like to do. Orientation to sex roles (6-8) - Children learn that adults have different roles, and occupations are sex-typed. Even today, most occupations are performed primarily by one sex or the other. Orientation to social valuation (9-13) - There is greater awareness of values held by peers, family, and community; occupations vary greatly in social value and desireability Orientation to internal unique self (14+) - In occupational selection in as a teenager or adult, internal factors such as aspirations, values, and interests are critical.

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Young children (ages 6-8, and even younger according to some research) tend to choose occupations that fit...

answer

their sex

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Preadolescents tend to choose occupations which have...

answer

social values consistent with their perceived social class. They may also rule out occupations which are inappropriate because of a mismatch in ability, intelligence level, or cultural factors.

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In teenage years and later occupations are selected based on

answer

self-awareness of personal characteristics

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Zone of acceptable alternatives (Gottfredson)

answer

Individuals develop a cognitive map based on sex-type, social value (prestige), and field of work (interest area). The zone of acceptable alternatives is identified and occupations within this range are consistent with the individual's self-concept

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John Krumbolts

answer

Learning theory of career counseling - LTCC

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Krumboltz based his career theory on?

answer

Bandura's social learning theory

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Important concepts Krumboltz gained from Bandura to inform his theory

answer

Reinforcement theory, cognitive information processing, classical behaviorism

question

Career development and career decision making involve the following (four areas according to Krumboltz)

answer

Genetic endowments and special abilities: inherited qualities which may set limits on opportunity Environmental Conditions and events: natural resources, economic conditions, legislation, etc... Instrumental and associative learning experiences: learning through reactions to consequences, results of actions, reactions to others, reinforcement of behaviors and skills Task approach skills - problem solving, work habits, mental sets, emotional and cognitive responses

question

According to Krumboltz, experiences over the lifetime influence career choice. An individual's generalizations and beliefs may be problematic and may need to be challenged by the career counselor. New beliefs and course of action may need to be learned and substituted

answer

...

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Planned Happenstance

answer

Krumboltz Unplanned and chance events will influence an individual's career development and such occurences should be expected and taken advantage of.

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Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma

answer

Early developmental theorists - 1950s

question

Three periods of occupational choice (Ginzberg, et al)

answer

Fantasy (birth to 11) Play becomes work oriented Tentative (11-17) Four stages in this period are interest, capacity, value, and transition Realistic (17+) - Three stages in this period are exploration, crystallization, specification

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Who did the Ginzberg group base their early theorietical formulation?

answer

A small group of middle-class males who supposedly had freedom of choice in occupation

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Ginzberg's theory Decision making was important and influenced by...

answer

adolescent adjustment patterns But, they also agreed that occupational decision making was a lifelong process

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Who used much of Ginzberg's theory?

answer

Super used in the formulation of his own theory which he presented a few years later

question

Ann Roe

answer

Needs approach

question

Roe's three important factors that influence the needs structure of a child's development

answer

Genetic factors Environmental experiences Parent-child relations

question

Parental influences and childhood experiences were viewed as major determiners - later occupational selection would be a function of those needs.

answer

Roe believed that careers were chosen to meet needs through either person-oriented or non-person oriented occupations. This part of the theory was not well supported by research.

question

Who developed a field-by-level classification of occupations?

answer

Roe

question

Roe's six levels

answer

Professional and managerial (highest) Professional and managerial (regular) Semi-professional and managerial Skilled Semi-skilled Unskilled

question

Roe's eight fields

answer

Service Business Contact Managerial General Culture Arts and entertainment Technology Outdoor Science

question

Who else (besides Roe) was a needs-based career theorist?

answer

Robert Hoppock He identified a number of hypotheses which addressed the role of needs in choosing, changing and becoming satisfied with a career

question

Tiedeman and Tiedeman

answer

Decision making model

question

Tiedeman (w/ O'Hara) believed that career development occured...

answer

as part of cognitive development as one resolved ego-relevant crises

question

For Tiedeman, career development paralleled which development theorist?

answer

Eight psychosocial stages identified by Erikson

question

Tiedeman saw life decision and career decisions as integrally related. Career decision making is a continuous process consisting of two phases:

answer

Anticipation/Preoccupation Implementation/Adjustment

question

Stages of Anticipation/Preoccupation

answer

Exploration Crystallization Choice Clarification

question

Phases of Implementation/Adjustment

answer

Induction Reformation Integration

question

Later Tiedeman emphasized...

answer

The importance of the individual in the decision making process

question

I-power

answer

The personal reality (I-power) of the individual was at the center of this potential for self-improvement and subsequent self-development Through a continuous process of differentiating one's ego development, processing developmental tasks, and resolving psychosocial crises, career development takes place.

question

CIP

answer

Cognitive Information Processing

question

Who developed CIP?

answer

Reardon, Lenz, Sampson & Peterson

question

Cognitive Information Processing

answer

A procedure for solving career problems developed based on a series of assumptions which emphasize Cognitions Information Problem Solving

question

CIP sequential procedure

answer

CASVE - involves a variety of processing skills

question

CASVE

answer

Communication: identifying the career-related needs of the client Analysis: identifying the problem components and placing them in a conceptual framework Synthesis: formulating courses of action or alternatives Valuing: judging each action as to its potential for success or failure and impact on others. This is a prioritizing process Execution: developing plans and implementation strategies

question

Social cognitive theory and self-efficacy

answer

Based on Bandura's social learning theory

question

Self-efficacy

answer

an individual's expectations will influence whether a behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how persistent the individual will be in the face of barriers. in short: an individual's belief that he/she can perform some task or be successful in some endeavor

question

How does self-efficacy affect career theory?

answer

Beliefs about self will influence choice, performance, and persistence

question

Nancy Betz and Gail Hackett - what did they believe about self-efficacy?

answer

Self-efficacy explains gender differences in career choice. Society empowers males, through expectations, to pursue a wider range of occupations than females and this may help explain why more men pursue math and science majors and careers

question

Personal agency

answer

Reflects an individual's ability and power to achieve objectives.

question

How can self-efficacy be strengthened?

answer

Learning experiences such as: a. personal performance accomplishments b. vicarious learning c. social persuasion d. physiological stages and reactions

question

Constructivism in career counseling

answer

individual's construct their own reality or truth through their own way of organizing information. This becomes a very subjective phenomenon and focuses on how individuals extract meaning from their present situation

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Contexualism in career counseling

answer

career development is a constant interplay of forces within the individual, within the environment, and the interactions between the two. One cannot separate individuals from their environments and the individual's perceptions and information organizing processes and create their reality.

question

Goal of career counseling (constructivism and contextualism)

answer

encourage the client to make meaning in his/her situation Focus is on actions which are cognitively and socially based.

question

Mark Savickas

answer

Postmodern career counseling approach based on career construction theory

question

Role of the career counselor in Savickas' theory

answer

Not an expert, but an active agent in assisting career clients to make sense of their life and work in order to be successful and satisfied.

question

Three perspectives of Career Construction Theory

answer

Personality types - Holland, etc... Developmental tasks - Super, Bandura Life themes - stories the individual experiences

question

Narrative approach to career counseling is found in...

answer

Savickas' Career Construction Theory in which stories and meanings are provided by clients in order to construct a reality in line with their social and cultural backgrounds, as well as experiences

question

H.B. Gelatt

answer

Focuses on the decision-making process

question

Gelatt's Five Step Decision-Making Process

answer

a. Recognize need to make decision b. Collect data and look at courses of action c. Besides looking at courses of action, examine potential outcomes and their probability d. Attend to your value system e. Evaluate and make a decision, and the decision can be investigative or permanent

question

Trait and factor approach

answer

Actuarial or matching approach developed by Frank Parsons

question

Parson wrote...

answer

Choosing a Vocation - published in 1909 the year after he died

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Trait-factor means...

answer

a. study the indvidual (trait) b. survey occupations (factors) c. match the person with an occupation (using the true reasoning)

question

E.G. Williamson

answer

Refined the \"trait-factor\" approach.

question

Williamson's six steps

answer

Analysis Synthesis Diagnosis Prognosis Counseling Follow-up

question

Sociological factors

answer

Sociological reasons include occupations family members have exposed them to, ethnic group membership, cultural factors, risk behavior, work identity, career mobility Situational:

question

Situation factors

answer

the environment and its opportunities Local labor market conditions, educational/training opportunities, etc...

question

John Crites

answer

Comprehensive model of career counseling Client-centered and developmental Psychodynamic Techniques Trait-factor and behavioral approaches

question

Crite's three diagnoses of career problems

answer

Differential - what are the problems Dynamic - why have the problems occurred Decisional - how are the problems being dealt with

question

Crite's vocational maturity

answer

A continuous developmental process moving through a series of stages and tasks

question

What measure did Crite's develop?

answer

Career Maturity Inventory (CMI)

question

Factors which might affect decision making in the decision models of career development:

answer

Risk-taking style Investment Personal Values Self-efficacy

question

Career Theory Limitations

answer

Small samples comprised of young, white, middle-class males College educated, non-whites and women often excluded Therefore theories had limited generalizability to women, non-whites, and other ages

question

Undecided

answer

the individual needs more information and then can or will make a decision. It is a state of being

question

Indecisiveness

answer

An ongoing trait of the individual which implies that even with more information, the individual has problems making a decision. This is true beyond the career domain. With an indecisive client, personal counseling may be necessary before career counseling is helpful.

question

Job

answer

one person in one position doing a set of tasks

question

Occupation

answer

a definable work activity found in many locations

question

Career - three potential definitions

answer

1. a series of jobs and occupations one does 2. the education, work experience, and related professional activities associated with one's occupation 3. all the work and other life roles one engages in (Super)

question

Lifestyle

answer

the person's orientation and preference in regard to career, family, leisure, place of residence, work climate, and overall style of life.

question

Leisure

answer

periods of time in which an individual engages in activities or pursuits chosen freely such as relaxation, hobbies, sports, travel, and other activities

question

Compensation

answer

do what you can't do at your job

question

Spillover

answer

do the same kind of activities during your leisure time

question

Career Guidance

answer

assists individuals in understanding and acting upon self-knowledge and knowledge of opportunities in work, education, and leisure, and to develop decision-making skills

question

Career Counseling

answer

the emphasis is on career development of an individual with special attention to values and attitudes, in a dynamic environment with a focus on self-understanding, career information, and career planning and decision making

question

Career Counseling Process

answer

a. establish a relationship b. problem identification c. assessment - possibly including instruments d. provide information e. decision making f. implementation and follow-up

question

Individual differences: adults in career transition

answer

Identify issues; values and needs may be changing Skills may be obsolete; retraining considered Physical capacity Family structure, empty nest Leisure, lifestyle, preretirement issues May lack information resources and job-seeking skills

question

Individual differences: Cultural diversity

answer

Content (individual, family, culture) Perceptions of power, work, time, and counseling Collectivistic or Individualistic framework? Cultural values and experiences Level of acculturation Historical and sociopolitical environment of the culture Discrimination and stereotyping How much vocational information? Nontraditional occupations to cultural group

question

Individual differencs: Disabilities

answer

Imperceptible disabilities Functional limitations Self-concept and social/interpersonal skills Independent living/coping skills Counselor advocacy \"Americans with Disabilities Act\" Provisions and job accommodation possibilities

question

Individual differences: LGBT

answer

\"Come out\" at work? Discrimination Same-sex partners for benefit purposes \"Don't Ask, Don't Tell\" law repealed

question

Expressed interests

answer

spoken or reported

question

Manifested interests

answer

what a person is studying, previous jobs held, activities the person likes

question

Tested interests

answer

those measured via inventories or tests

question

Three common aptitude tests

answer

ONet Ability Profiler - formerly GATB General Aptitude Test Battery

question

ASVAB

answer

Aptitude test Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery

question

DAT

answer

Differential Aptitude Tests

question

ITBS

answer

Iowa test of Basic Skills (Achievement)

question

SAT

answer

Scholastic Assessment Test (Achievement)

question

ACT

answer

American College Test (Achievement)

question

GRE

answer

Graduate Record Examination (Achievement)

question

SII

answer

Strong Interest Inventory (Interest)

question

SDS

answer

Self-directed SEarch (Interest)

question

Kuder Career Search with Person Match

answer

Interest

question

ONet Interst Profiler

answer

...

question

COPSystem

answer

3 tests measure interest, abilities, and values

question

Campbell Interest and Skill Survey

answer

compares the test taker's interests with the interests of people who enjoy and are successful in various kinds of work

question

Super's Work Value Inventory

answer

Values

question

Minnesota IMportance Questionnaire

answer

Values

question

World-of-Work Map

answer

Circle of occupations incorporating HOlland's codes - organized by primary tasks of working with People, Data, Things, Ideas 26 career areas

question

Computer Assisted Career Guidance Systems

answer

Designed to complement or supplement career counselors and not to replace them. Research in general, is finding computer guidance systems helpful.

question

Three examples of Computer-Assisted Guidance Systems

answer

SIGI-3 DISCOVER CHOICES

question

SIGI-3

answer

System of Interactive Guidance and Information

question

DISCOVER

answer

Extensive assessment components measuring interests, values, and skills. College major matching, provide guidance activities, and occupational information.

question

CHOICES

answer

Limited assessment component, but good information files covering occupations and colleges. Some also include military occupations, financial aid, apprenticeship files, etc...

question

CIDS

answer

Career Information Delivery System Often designed by individual states: Includes assessment, occupational search activities, occupational information, and educational information

question

ONET

answer

Occupational Information Network - free comprehensive data base of worker attributes and job characteristics. Three main components: Find Occupations Skills Search Crosswalk

question

ONET replaced?

answer

DOT

question

DOT

answer

Dictionary of Occupational Titles Was replaced by ONET, but still available. 12,000 jobs defined - over 20,000 titles of jobs in this US Dept of Labor document Contains occupational descriptions including duties, tasks, tools

question

Each occupation has a ___ digit code

answer

9

question

The first three digits...

answer

the general category, division, and group of occupations

question

Middle three digits

answer

data-people-things The lower the number, the greater the involvement of that job with data, people, or things

question

OOH

answer

Occupational Outlook Handbook National document published by the US Dept of Labor Contains job trend data, employment projections, jobs of the future, occupational information , salary data, etc...

question

Outplacement Counseling

answer

Career counseling provided to workers of an organization who are to be terminated Might include assessment, career counseling, job seeking skills development, and job placement assistance

question

Retirement Counseling

answer

Individuals who retire may transition to a number of new and different roes. Assists individuals in their transitions including the examination of their circumstances, options, fears and possibilities which will prevail following employment.

question

Goals of Career Counseling

answer

Career Awareness (elementary level) Career Exploration (middle or junior high) Career Orientation (high school level) Career Preparation (high school level)

question

1994 School-to-Work Opportunities Act

answer

funding School-to-Work and School-to-Career programs in high schools and community colleges. Schools are encouraged to develop work-based learning approaches whereby students are taught the skills that employers need when they finish their education. Community agencies and employers collaborate with schools implementing these programs.

question

Displaced homemaker

answer

A woman who is a former homemaker whose children may be in school or gone. She is looking for employment and may be divorced or widowed. Issues for her include: lack of information, poor job-seeking skills, no support system, shaky self-concept.

question

Dislocated worker

answer

Anyone who becomes unemployed because of obsolete or no longer needed skills, downsizing, rightsizing, company relocation, shutdown, or high unemployment.

question

Potential conflicts of dual-earner couples

answer

a. home and children chores are not equitable b. whose job takes precedence if a career move is offered c. time for leisure d. the woman may make more money than the man

question

Identity tension line

answer

this refers to the comfort area each sex has based on sex role socialization. Going beyond (doing opposite sex chores) may create tension. Most current research indicates that when the woman becomes the second earner, she typically maintains the majority of her original household and children chores in addition to her new job

question

What percent of working-age women are in the labor market?

answer

Almost 75%, many of them part-time

question

Women make up what percent of the workforce?

answer

50%, more men than women lost their jobs in the recent recession

question

What percentage of money do women make compared to men?

answer

65-75%, with more equality among younger workers. More women than men work in part-time jobs which pay less.

question

Women are earning more undergraduate and master's degrees than men and nearly as many degrees as men in law and medicine

answer

...

question

Glass ceiling

answer

the set of restraints, typically imposed by men, which impact womens' ability to move up the career ladder with an organization

question

FMLA

answer

Family and Medical Leave Act Covers employers with 50 or more workers - provides up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave during any 12 month period for new parent or to care for immediate family member who is ill

question

Fastest growing occupational clusters:

answer

professional and related occupations and service occupations Registered nurses, home health aides, customer service representatives

question

Slowest growing occupational clusters

answer

Production work, office and administrative support occupations

question

Unemployment from lowest to highest

answer

White female, white male, Hispanic male, Hispanic female, black female, black male

question

HIdden job market

answer

it is estimated that approximately 80% of jobs are not advertised or generally known. Those jobs are most apt to be identified through networking. Most employers now list position vacancies on their websites.

question

Workforce Investment Act of 1998

answer

Federal law which provides money for employment and training programs especially for economically disadvantaged persons.

question

NCDA and NECA

answer

National Career Development Association National Employment Counseling Association

question

Boston Vocation Bureau

answer

Started by Frank Parsons

question

John M. Brewer

answer

Director of the Boston Vocation Bureau after Parsons

question

What book did Brewer write?

answer

History of Vocational Guidance

question

Who felt that the need for career counseling exceeds the need for therapy?

answer

Crites In addition, he felt that career counseling can be therapeutic since a positive correlation between career counseling and personal adjustment is evident

question

Lavender ceiling

answer

LGBT equivalent of the glass ceiling for women

question

What has led to the phenomenon of the displaced homemaker?

answer

A high divorce rate

question

Victor Vroom

answer

Motivation and management expectancy theory - an employee's performance is influenced by valence, expectancy, and instrumentality

question

Valence

answer

Will the work provide rewards such as money, a promotion, or satisfaction?

question

Expectancy

answer

what does the person feel he or she is capable of doing?

question

Instrumentality

answer

will the manager actually give the employee the promised reward such as a raise

question

What percentage of marriages are dual-earner?

answer

54% about 60% when considering families with children

question

In a dual career household, when does the woman generally have children?

answer

She is typically secure in her career before having children

question

Are partners in dual-career families or traditional families more self-sufficient?

answer

Dual-career

question

On average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over ____ a year more than a worker with a high school diploma

answer

$10,000

question

\"Changing view of work\"

answer

In the past work was seen as a drudgery, while today it is seen as a vehicle to express our identity, self-esteem, and status. Rewards of career fulfill emotional needs instead of just paying the bills.

question

H.R. Kaplan

answer

1978 text on lottery winners - million dollar winners who quite their jobs felt dissatisfied

question

True or false: older workers are slower than younger workers and have less skill

answer

False Experience impacts job performance more than age does. Some research demonstrates that older workers are actually more adept than younger ones in terms of skill as well as speed.

question

Decrement

answer

A notion in psychology which suggested that speed, skills, and retention would decrease as one entered old age.

question

Avocation

answer

A leisure activity that one engages in for pleasure rather than money

question

Leisure counseling

answer

Some books and exams are using this term, which alerts to the emphasis which is being placed on this topic.

question

EEOC

answer

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Enforces Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures.

question

Adverse Impact

answer

A test or selection process is said to have adverse impact if it does not meet the \"80% Four-fifths Rule\". The hiring rate for minorities/rate for nonminorities If the quotient is less than 80%, then adverse impact is evident.

question

Differential validity

answer

Evident when a selection process (test) is valid for one group, yet less valid or totally invalid for another group. Tests plagued by differential validity should not be utilized for hiring or promotion purposes

question

The trait-and-factor model is grounded in ______ psychology

answer

differential The study of individual differences

question

C.F. Patterson

answer

Another major proponent of the trait-factor approach

question

Trait-factor approach has been accused of...

answer

Being oversimplified because it subordinated personal choice making and advanced the idea of a \"single job for life\"

question

Remnants of the Trait-factor approach are still evident in some of the modern theories including those of...

answer

Crites, Super, and Holland

question

Third force psychology

answer

Humanistic approaches

question

Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales

answer

Used by Williamson in his Minnesota Viewpoint - similar to the trait-factor theory A test specifically aimed at the actuarial approach to career choice

question

MBTI

answer

Myers Briggs Type Indicator

question

GZTS

answer

Guillford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey

question

Adjective Checklist

answer

participants select adjectives that they believe to describe themselves. Official checklist contains 300 adjectives

question

Who felt that a job satisfies an unconscious need?

answer

Roe (and Hoppock)

question

MMPI-2

answer

standarized personality test designed to assess some major personality characteristics that affect personal and social adjusments

question

Roe's theory draws on...

answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

question

Roe's major propositions

answer

Needs which are satisfied do not become unconscious motivators Higher order needs will disappear even if they are rarely satisfied Lower order needs will be a major concern Needs which are satisfied after a long delay will become unconscious motivators

question

Why do early child rearing practices influence later career choice (Roe)?

answer

Because a job is a major source of gratification for an unconscious need

question

Roes three basic parenting styles

answer

Overprotective, Avoidant (Rejecting), Acceptant (Democratic)

question

The results of roe's three basic parenting styles...

answer

The child will develop a personality that gravitates towards people or away from people

question

Some support for Roe's theory comes from what two tests?

answer

Rorschach and TAT

question

Roes theory asserts what about genetics?

answer

Genetics help determine intelligence, education, and hence influence career choice

question

Bordin

answer

He emphasized unconscious processes in the field of career theory Felt that career choice could be used to solve unconscious conflicts.

question

Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice

answer

Are indicative of neurotic symptoms

question

AA Brill

answer

Psychoanalytic career theoriest

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Brill emphasized what ego defense mechanism

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Sublimation

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What is the most popular approach to career choice?

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Super

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Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as ________ theorists

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Personality

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Hoppock's theory was based on the work of...

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Henry Murray

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Henry Murray created...

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the \"needs-press\" theory and the TAT projective test

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According to Super, an individual chooses a career that allows the ______ to be expressed

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self-concept

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Schlossberg

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Focused heavily on adult career development

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Schlossberg five noteworthy factors

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Behavior in the adult years is primarily determined by social rather than biological factors Behavior can either be function of one's life stage or one's age Sex differences are actually more powerful than age or stage differences Adults continually experience transitions which require adaptation and self-assessment Identity, intimacy, and generativity are recurring themes in adulthood

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Tiedman and O'Hara

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Decision making theory Periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment

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All decision making theories contend...

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That the individual has the power to choose from the various career options

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What do Anita Mitchel, G Brian Jones, and John Krumboltz have in common?

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They all utilized the work of Bandura to explain career choice

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RJP

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Realistic Job Preview - Popular behavioral technique

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Guided imagery in career counseling

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Having the client imagine a day in the future working in the job or even receiving an award for outstanding performance in the position

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Krumboltz model can be labled as...

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Behavioristic

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Human capital theory

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individuals secure training and education to get the best possible income.

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Accident theory

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Suggests that chance factors influence one's career.

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Status attainment theory

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A child will eventually secure a job commensurate with his or her family status

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Azrin

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Created the concept of a job club

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What book did Azrin write?

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Job Club Counselor's Manual: A Behavioral Approach to Vocational Counseling

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Gelatt's decision model Information can be organized into what three systems

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Predictive, Value, Decision

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Gelatt refers to information as...

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The fuel of the decision

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Gelatt model

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Predictive: probably alternatives, actions, possibilities Value: one's relative preferences regarding the outcomes Decision: rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome

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BLS

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Bureau of Labor Statistics

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State Department of Economic Regulation

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The state department that often handles counselor licensing

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SOC

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Standard Occupational Classification Manual Codes job clusters (teachers, librarians, and counselors) via similar worker function.

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SIC

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Standard Industrial Classification Manual Classifies businesses in regard to the type of activity they are engaged in (the type of service or product)

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Underemployment

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Occurs when a worker is engaged in a position which is below his or her skills level.

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GOE

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Guide for Occupational Exploration Published by US Dept of Labor and lists groups of jobs in 14 interest areas The GOE helps job seekers explore jobs that are slanted toward a given \"interest area\"

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Contrast effect

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A heightened awareness regarding the difference between two successive juxtapositions of two stimuli. In Career placement this suggests that an interviewer's impression of an interviewee is often affected by previous interviewers.

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Compensatory effect (Psychodynamic perspective(

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An individual might tend to compensate for poor job satisfaction by excelling in his or her activities outside of work.

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Recency effect

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Occurs when a rater's judgement of an employee reflects primarily his or her most recent performance.

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Leniency/strictness bias

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Occurs when a rater tends to give employees very high/lenient or very low/strict ratings while avoiding the middle or so-called average range.

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Central tendency bias

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Rate almost everybody average

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SII

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Strong Interest Inventory - based on Holland's theory The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience satisfaction in a job in which those working in the occupation have similar interests.

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SVIB

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Strong Vocational Interest Blank Developed by E. K. Strong Jr. The test indicated how examinees likes and dislikes were similar to the likes and dislikes of workers in various occupations

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SDS

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Self-directed search Based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types It is self-administered, self-scores, and self-interpreted

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Levels of work

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Sedentary: maximum lifting is 10 pounds Light work: maximum lifting is 20 pounds Medium work: maximum lifting is 50 pounds Heavy work: maximum lifting is 100 pounds Very heavy work: maximum lifting exceeds 100 punds

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Hidden job market

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A high percentage of jobs (over 76%) are not advertised

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An SDS score will reveal

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the individuals three highest scores based on Holland's personality type. A three letter code

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KOIS

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Kuder Occupational Interest Survey set up so individuals can complete it online in 20-30 minutes.

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PPVT-III

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Peabody Picture Vocab Test A measure of hearing vocabulary and a screening test of verbal ability

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ASVAB

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Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery - often adminstered at recruiting stations or to high school seniors interested in the military

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DAT

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Differential Aptitude Test Helps student decide whether should attend college, and if so, where might excel most.

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GATB

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General Aptitude Test Battery The test utilized by state employment security officers, Veterans Admin hospitals and related govt agencies. 12 job-related aptitudes

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Aptitude tests measure...

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potential

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Wage discrimination

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Women make less than men for doing the same job

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Occupational sex segregation

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most women hold low paying jobs with low status

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Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often...

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Have lower career aspirations than a man. Fitzgerald and Crites discovered that even when girls manifest higher career maturity than boys, their aspirations are lower.

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Reentry women

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Women who go from working within the home to working outside the home

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Supply and demand curve

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The number of employees employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up. The number of employees willing to work for you goes up as salary increases.

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Richard Bolles

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Wrote What Color Is Your Parachute

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Hoppock

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Feels that to make an accurate career decision you must know your personal needs and then find an occupation that meets a high percentage of the needs.

Lifestyle and Career Development

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