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Stressors

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Specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person's well-being

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Stress

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The physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors

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Health Psychology

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The subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health

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Chronic Stressor

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A source of stress that occurs continuously or repeatedly

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Fight-or-flight response

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An emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action

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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

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A three-stage physiological response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered

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Immune System

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A complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances

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Lymphocytes

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White blood cells that produce antibodies that fight infection

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Type A behavior pattern

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The tendency toward easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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A disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind

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Burnout

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a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lowered performance and motivation

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Repressive Coping

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Avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint

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Rational Coping

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Facing a stressor and working to overcome it

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Reframing

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Finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat

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Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)

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A therapy that helps people to cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation

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Relaxation Therapy

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A technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body

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Relaxation Response

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A condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure

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Biofeedback

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The use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function

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Social Support

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The aid gained through interacting with others

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Psychosomatic Illness

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An interaction between mind and body that can produce illness

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Somatoform Disorders

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The set of psychological disorders in which the person displays physical symptoms not fully explained by a general medical condition

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Hydrochondriasis

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A psychological disorder in which a person is preoccupied with minor symptoms and develops an exaggerated belief that the symptoms signify a life-threatening illness

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Somatization Disorder

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A psychological disorder involving combinations of multiple physical complaints with no medical explanation

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Conversion Disorder

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A disorder characterized by apparently debilitating physical symptoms that appear to be voluntary-but that the person experience as involuntary

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Sick Role

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A socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness

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Self-regulation

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The exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards

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If you live in a dense urban area in which there are considerable traffic, noise, and pollution, to what kinds of stressors are you likely exposed?

answer

Chronic stressors

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In an experiment, two groups are subject to distractions while attempting to complete a task. Group A is told they can quiet the distraction by pushing a button. This information is withheld from

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Group A has perceived control over a source of performance-impeding stress

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The brain activation that occurs in response to a threat begins in the

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Hypothalamus

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According to the general adaptation syndrome, during the _____ phase, the body adapts to its high state of arousal as it tries to cope with a stressor

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Resistance

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Engaging in aerobic exercise is a way of managing stress by managing the

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Body

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Finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat is called

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Reframing

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Which somatoform disorder is characterized by apparently debilitating physical symptoms that appear to be voluntary?

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Conversion disorder

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Faking an illness is a violation of

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The sick role

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What describes a successful healthcare provider?

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Empathy, attentive to both the physical and psychological state of the patient, uses psychology to promote patient compliance

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What are traits associated with hardiness?

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A sense of commitment, a belief in control, a willingness to accept challenge

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Stress _______ the self-regulation of behaviors such as eating and smoking.

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Disrupts

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_______ are specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten a person's well-being.

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Stressors

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According to a 1980 study of airport noise, children attending schools under a flight path:

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Had higher blood pressure than did children in schools in other areas

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Where are the adrenal glands located?

answer

On the kidneys

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Who described the general adaptation syndrome and coined the term stress?

answer

Hans Selye

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What is caused by atherosclerosis?

answer

Coronary Heart Disease, a gradual narrowing of the arteries, a buildup of plaque int he cardiovascular system

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The interpretation of a stimulus as stressful or not is called _______; determining whether the stressor can or cannot be handled is called ______.

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Primary appraisal; secondary appraisal

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_______ is the use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly enable control over the function

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Biofeedback

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Shelly Taylor suggests that the female response to stress is to ______, whereas the male response to stress is ______.

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Tend-and-befriend; fight-or-flight

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What are three somatoform disorders?

answer

Hypochondriasis, Somatization Disorder, Conversion Disorder

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_______ psychology is concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health

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Health

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Several studies have shown that _______ in a stressful situation can shield us from the negative effects of the stressor

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Perceived control

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_______, released from the pituitary, activates the adrenal glands to energize the fight-or-flight response

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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______ are cells that produce antibodies that fight infection

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Lymphocytes

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A final exam that you studied for could be interpreted as a ______; a final exam that you didn't study for could be interpreted as a _______.

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Challenge; threat

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According to the text, aerobic exercise can reduce:

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Depression, anger, and cynical distrust

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What areas of the brain are active in processing pain?

answer

Cingulated cortex, somatosensory cortex, prefrontal cortex

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What 3 conditions decrease compliance in treatment?

answer

The number of treatments increases, the treatment is inconvenient, the treatment is frequent

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What is the highest stress rating on the College Undergraduate Stress Scale?

answer

Taking finals

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What group of biochemicals is increased in response to the activation of emotional systems?

answer

Catecholamines

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What is the order of phases in the general adaptation syndrome?

answer

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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Which two components of the Type A behavior pattern have been found to contribute to heart disease?

answer

Hostility and anger

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Cohen found that long-tailed macaques were more stressed when they were in a(n) ______ group of monkeys, and the monkeys who showed the most stress were those that showed little _____ behavior.

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Unstable; affiliative

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The _____ effect, in which a therapeutically inert substance or procedure evokes a clinically significant psychological or physiological response, relies on the _____ that the treatment is real.

answer

Placebo; belief

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A person who got married, had a baby, and started a new job all within a year may have a _________ score on a stress scale than someone whose mother had a serious illness in the last year.

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Higher

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Which of the following mental health professionals would be most interested in how noise pollution affects the stress levels of children in elementary school?

answer

An environmental psychologist

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Brain activation in response to threats occurs in the:

answer

Hypothalamus

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What are the three parts of the HPA axis?

answer

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland

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In what phase of the general adaptation syndrome reaction to stress does the body adapt to its high state of arousal in an attempt to cope with the stressor?

answer

Resistance

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Type A personalities are at:

answer

Increased risk of heart disease because they react to stress and adversity with anger and hostility.

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You sit down in history class and the teacher comes out with a pop quiz. You are stressed and likely consider the quiz a _________ since you have not yet read the chapter you are being quizzed on.

answer

Threat

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Burnout refers to

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Physical, mental and emotional decline associated with a long-term demanding activity.

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Rima always hated giving class presentations because she felt like the students in class were judging her. For her next presentation she decided to focus on her ability to teach the class something and she ended up enjoying her assignment. This example best illustrates what type of stress management?

answer

Reframing

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A specific trait related to hardiness involves all of the following except

answer

Conscientiousness

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Which of the following groups relies to the greatest degree on social support as a way of reducing stress?

answer

Women

question

What is a beneficial stress management technique for trying to eat wisely?

answer

Focusing on increasing activity

question

What is true about the placebo effect?

answer

Somewhat dependent upon the conscious expectation that the placebo will work, deactivate brain regions associated with pain sensation, decrease pain, in part, by triggering the release of endorphins

question

What is an example of a chronic stressor?

answer

Financial difficulties

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It is probably easier to deal with the stress you experience when you get a bad grade on a paper than to deal with the stress you experience from getting a bad haircut because:

answer

You have some control over your grades by putting more or less effort into your work

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During a fight-or-flight response, the __________ release(s) __________

answer

Adrenal glands; ACTH

question

Women who are involved in intense physical training such as long-distance running sometimes stop menstruating and their bodies shut down other processes not necessary for immediate survival. What phase of the general adaptation syndrome does this best describe?

answer

Resistence

question

Chronic stress __________ the chances of contracting an infection and _________the risk of suffering a heart attack

answer

Increases; increases

question

You try and determine if a stressor is a threat or a challenge during:

answer

Secondary Appraisal

question

After experiencing a traumatic event such as living or working in a war zone or being physically attacked, it is not uncommon to develop:

answer

PTSD

question

One technique for coping with stress, known as _________, is to avoid thinking about or experiencing the situation that makes you stressed and convince yourself to think positive thoughts instead.

answer

Repressive coping

question

Studies have indicated that aerobic exercise _________ psychological well-being

answer

Promotes

question

What is probably the most effective way to deal with stress across your life span?

answer

Having social support through family or friends

question

Somatoform disorders, such as conversion disorder, demonstrate that:

answer

The mind can produce physical illness without any physiological cause

question

The idea of a \"sick-role\" states that

answer

There are social norms associated with being sick and regulating the behaviors of a sick person

question

In one study, business executives who scored very high on the index of stressful life events seemed impervious to the physical effects of stress in that they had few illnesses. However, they all shared the personality characteristic of

answer

Hardiness

Chapter 16: Stress and Health

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