Ch.9 Alcohol & Tobacco
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Define psychoactive drug
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A substance that causes changes in brain chemistry and alters consciousness.
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Define abstainer.
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They do not drink at all, or they do so less often than once a year
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About how many adult Americans drink alcohol?
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65%
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About how many adult Americans consider themselves abstainers?
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35%
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State the amount of beer, wine, shot, and mixed drink that constitutes \"one drink\" as defined by the NIAAA.
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\"One drink\" is 0.5 ounce (or 15 grams) of alcohol, the amount contained in about 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, a 1.5-ounce shot of 80-proof distilled liquor, or 1.5 ounces of liquor in a mixed drink.
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Define extreme drinking
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Alcohol consumption that goes well beyond binge drinking, to double or triple the amounts in the current definition-10 to 15 drinks a day for men and 8 to 12 drinks a day for women.
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Discuss the differences in alcohol consumption among ethnic groups
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They are strongly influenced by sociocultural or environmental factors, including poverty, discrimination, feelings or powerlessness, immigration status, and degree of acculturation.
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State the percentage of deaths and severe assaults that occur each year on college campuses the involve binge drinking.
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Alcohol drinking kills 1,825 students and causes injury to 599,000.
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Define heavy episodic drinking for males / females.
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Consumption of five or more drinks in a row by a man or four or more drinks in a row by a women.
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According to the Harvard School of Public Health, state the percentage of college students that binge drink and the percentage that were frequent binge drinkers.
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44% binge drink and 23% frequent binge drink.
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State 2 problems with the definition of binge drinking.
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~It's to broad ~It classifies a large number of people as binge drinkers who may not have a problem.
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State the likelihood for Sexual Assault and unplanned pregnancies with binge drinking females vs. women who abstain.
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Women who binge drink are nearly 150% more likely to be victims of sexual assault and unplanned pregnancies than women who abstain.
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Define pre-gaming drinking
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The excessive consumption of alcohol prior to attending an event or activity in which alcohol will be consumed.
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Discuss gender differences and underage drinking with pre-gaming.
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Men typically drink more during events following pre-game than women. 40% of underage college students pre-gamed on more days per month and had more drinks on pre-gaming days than of-age students.
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Discuss the percentages of students effected by Spring Break drinking.
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40% of men and 33% of women reported being drunk daily during spring break.
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State the definition for BAC.
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The amount of alcohol in grams in 100 milliliters of blood, expressed as a percentage.
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List 7 \"secondhand\" effects of binge drinking.
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~Serious arguments ~ Physical assault ~ Damaged property ~ Interrupted sleep or studying ~Unwanted sexual advances ~Sexual assault ~ Having to take care of a drunk student.
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State the BAC for someone who could be charged with DUI in Ohio.
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0.08%
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tate the percentage of alcohol that is metabolized in the liver.
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90%
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Explain 11 factors that affect alcohol absorption.
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~ Food in stomach- food slows down the movement of alcohol into the small intestine. ~Gender- women absorb alcohol into the bloodstream more quickly than men do. ~Age- older adults do not tolerate alcohol as well as younger people. ~Body fat- the more body fat a person has, the less alcohol is absorbed by the body ~ Drug interaction- drugs can intensify a drinker's reaction to alcohol ~Cigarette smoke- nicotine extends the time alcohol stays in the stomach ~Mood and physical condition- fear and anger tend to speed up alcohol absorption ~ Alcohol concentration- the more concentrated the alcohol, the more quickly it is absorbed ~Carbonation-carbon dioxide speeds up the absorption of alcohol ~ Diet soda- artificial sugars cause alcohol to empty more rapidly from the stomach into the small intestine ~Tolerance- the body adapts to a given alcohol level.
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Explain the role of alcohol dehydrogenase in the body.
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The ability to metabolize alcohol depends on the amount and kind of ADH enzymes available in the liver.
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List 3 factors that make women more susceptible to the effects of alcohol than men.
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~They are generally smaller than men ~Have a higher body fat percentage ~They also absorb more alcohol they drink because they metabolize alcohol less efficiently than men do
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State how long it takes the body to metabolize one drink.
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People who have normal liver function metabolize about 0.5 ounce of alcohol per hour.
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List the 12 body organs or systems that are effected by long term alcohol abuse.
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Brain, Ears, Skin, Heart, Breasts, Liver, Eyes, Nose, Tongue, Bones, Digestive system, and Reproductive system.
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State the recommended number of drinks for women / men for health benefits according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
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One drink a day for women and two drinks a day for men.
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Discuss how alcohol affects these body systems in objective 25.
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Brain- slowed reaction time. Ears-decreased hearing. Skin-broken capillaries. Heart-weakened heart muscle. Breasts- increased risk of cancer. Liver-fatty liver. Eyes- decreased acute vision. Nose- decreased sense of smell. Tongue- decreased sense of taste. Bones-bone loss. Digestive system- stomach inflammation and bleeding, Reproductive system- irregular menstrual cycle.
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Identify what age groups benefit from the recommendations in objective 27.
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Can be beneficial for middle aged and older adults.
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State the only known remedy for a hangover.
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Pain medication, rest, and time.
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List 7 measures for Alcohol poisoning first aid.
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Know and recognize the symptoms, Call 911, Do not leave the person to sleep it off, Roll an unconscious drinker onto his or her side, If the person vomits make certain his or her head is positioned lower than the rest of the body, Try to find out If the person has taken other drugs that might interact with the alcohol, Stay with the person until medical help arrives.
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State 4 social problems associated with alcohol use.
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~Alcohol reduces social inhibitions ~Violence ~Suicide ~Depression
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List 4 treatment options for alcohol related disorders.
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Brief Interventions, Inpatient treatment programs, Outpatient treatment programs, Self-help, and Harm reduction approaches.
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Differentiate between alcohol misuse, problem drinking, alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, and alcoholism.
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Alcohol misuse: Consumption of alcohol to the point where it causes physical, social, and moral harm to the drinker. Problem drinking: Pattern of alcohol use that impairs the drinker's life, causing difficulties for the drinker and for others. Alcohol abuse: Pattern of alcohol use that leads to distress or impairment, increases the risk of health and/ or social problems, and continues despite awareness of these effects. Alcohol dependence: Disorder characterized by a strong craving for alcohol, the development of tolerance for alcohol, and symptoms of withdrawal if alcohol consumption stops abruptly. Alcoholism: A primary chronic disease characterized by excessive, compulsive drinking.
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Describe 4 treatment options for alcohol related disorders.
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Brief Interventions: Program designed for high risk groups in many colleges and universities Inpatient and outpatient treatment programs: Inpatient programs takes place in a residential facility specializing in alcohol recovery, whereas outpatient programs, patients participate in treatment programs during the day and return home in the evening. Self-help: A treatment program that the addict enrolls their self into to try and quit their addiction. Harm reduction approaches: Treatment focuses on reductions the harm associated with drinking, bot to the individual and to society.
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State the leading preventable cause of death in the U.S.
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Smoking
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State the percentage of adult Americans who smoke tobacco.
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42%
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Has smoking increased or decreased since 1965?
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Decreased
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State what is responsible for this increase or decrease in smoking?
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The decline in smoking since 1965 is largely a result of pubic health campaigns about hazards of smoking.
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State whether men or women in the U.S. smoke at higher rates.
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Men
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State whether younger or older individuals in the U.S. smoke at higher rates.
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Younger people smoke more than older individuals
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Explain the prevalence of smoking in the college student population.
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College students are more likely than the general population to smoke, even though smoking is negatively correlated with educational attainment.
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List the 3 most harmful substances in tobacco smoke.
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Tar, Carbon monoxide, Nicotine
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Discuss the 4 main reasons people smoke.
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Having a parent or sibling who smokes, associating with peers who smoke, being from a lower socioeconomic status family, doing poorly in school.
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Discuss how each of these substances in #42 are harmful to one's health.
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Tar: Coats the smoker's lungs and creates an environment conductive to the growth of cancerous cells Carbon monoxide: Carbon monoxide interferes with the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen, so that vital body organs, such as the heart, are deprived of oxygen. Nicotine: Nicotine droplets are so tiny that they penetrate the alveoli and enter the bloodstream, reaching body cells within seconds
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Explain why smokeless tobacco is or is not a safe alternative to smoking?
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Smokeless tobacco is believed to cause about 10 to 15% of oral cancers, leading 6,000 deaths each year. Can cause dysplasia and oral lesions, and the amount of nicotine absorbed from smokeless tobacco is two to three times greater than that delivered to cigarettes.
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Explain why hookahs are not a safe alternative to smoking?
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The average cigarette provides 20 puffs, whereas a one-hour session of hookah results in 200 puffs. The depth of inhalation and frequency of puffs may cause hookah smokers to absorb high concentrations of carbon monoxide, heavy metals, and cancer causing chemicals.
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Explain why e-cigarettes are or are not a safe alternative to smoking?
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Smoking e-cigarettes wit drags longer than three to five seconds can cause liquid nicotine to be released in the mouth. Accidental breakage of the e-cigarette may expose users to diethylene glycol, an anti-freeze component, and cancer-causing compounds like nitrosamines.
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List the 3 greatest health concerns associated with long term smoking.
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Cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases.
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Explain how smoking contributes to each of these health concerns in #48.
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Cardiovascular disease: Nicotine makes blood platelets stickier, increasing the tendency of blood clots to form. It raises blood levels of low-density lipoproteins and decreases levels of low-density of high-density lipoproteins. Cancer: Cigarettes are associated with cancers of the pancreas, kidney, bladder, breast, and cervix. Smoking and using smokeless tobacco play a major role in cancers of the mouth, throat, and esophagus. The immune systems sends tumor fighting white blood cells to attack and kill cancer cells, but cigarettes weaken the immune system. Chronic lower respiratory diseases: Cigarettes play a role in respiratory diseases such as emphysemas, chronic bronchitis, and asthma.
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Define environmental tobacco smoke.
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Smoke from other peoples tobacco products; also called secondhand smoke or passive smoking.
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List the changes to men's reproductive health that smoke
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Smoking adversely affects blood flow to the erectile tissue, leading to a higher incidence of erectile dysfunction; it also alters sperm shape, reduces sperm motility, and decreases the overall number of viable sperm.
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Explain the special health risks for women associated with smoking.
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Increases women's chances of getting lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory disease, death of women by lung cancer has increased by 400%.
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Define sidestream smoke.
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Smoke that passes from a cigarette into the surrounding air, rather than into the smoker's lungs.
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Define mainstream smoke.
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The smoke exhaled by a smoker.
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tate which type of smoke, mainstream or sidestream, contains the most harmful compounds?
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Sidestream smoke has higher concentrations of cancer- causing agents and is more toxic than mainstream smoke.
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Define third-hand smoke.
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Residual nicotine and other chemicals left on a variety of indoor surfaces by tobacco smoke.
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State the percentage of smokers who are successful at quitting for a year.
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7%
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State the average number of attempts required for successful smoking cessation.
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7
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Discuss the issue if college campuses should be smoke free and how it is enforced.
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1,182 college campuses are smoke-free or tobacco-free. The enforcement policies for tobacco-free campuses in many cases receive only lip-service attention. Policy that cannot be enforced has minimal impact. A growing number of collages are considering issuing warnings and then fining repeat violators; money from fines would be used to support smoking cessation initiatives.
