Nutrition Chapter 1 Terms
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nutrition
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the science that studies how food nourishes our bodies and influences our health
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food
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animal or plant product that can be taken into the body to yield nutrients
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nutrients
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chemicals found in foods that are critical to human growth and function
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energy
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the ability to do work
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food energy
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calories; is converted into mechanical, electrical, or heat energy in the body
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essential nutrients
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those that the body can't make for itself or cannot make in sufficient quantities to meet its needs
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organic nutrients
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a nutrient that contains the element carbon
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inorganic nutrients
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a nutrient that does not contain carbon
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dri
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dietary reference intake; replaced the periodic revision of the recommended dietary allowances, or rda
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rda
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recommended dietary allowances; formerly the principle nutrition standard for americans
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ul
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tolerable upper intake levels; intake of a nutrient above this increases the potential for toxic effects and health problems
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ai
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adequate intake; recommended average daily intake level based on experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people
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ear
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estimated average requirements; the average daily intake level of a nutrient that will meet the needs of half or 50 of the people in a particular category
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amdr
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acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges; describes the portion or % of the energy intake that should come from each macronutrient
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wellness
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a multidimensional, lifelong process that includes physical, emotional, and spiritual health
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2 critical components of wellness
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nutrition and physical activity
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scurvy, goiter, rickets
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nutrient deficiencies
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4 chronic diseases nutrition is associated with
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heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes
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obesity
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increases the risk of the four chronic diseases
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nutrition plays a critical role in 4 diseases
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osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, some forms of cancer
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micronutrients
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nutrients needed in relatively small amounts to support normal health and body functions
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macronutrients
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nutrients that our bodies need in relatively large amounts to support normal health and function
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protein, carbs, fats, and water
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what are the 4 macronutrients
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vitamins and minerals
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what are the 2 micronutrients
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examples of organic nutrients
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carbs, fats, proteins, and vitamins
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examples of inorganic nutrients
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minerals and water
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energy yielding nutrients
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carbs, fats, and proteins
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kilocalorie
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measure of heat energy, amount of heat energy needed to raise the temp of 1 kg of water 1 degree C
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1 kilocalorie
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1,000 calories
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gram
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unit of weight
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caloric value of carbs
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4 kcal/g
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caloric value of fat
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9 kcal/g
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caloric value of protein
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four kcal/g
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caloric value of alcohol
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7kcal/g
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2 roles of energy nutrients
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yield energy and provide building blocks to make chemical compounds
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reason alcohol isn't a nutrient
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does not support the regulation of body functions or the building or repairing of tissue
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energy's use
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help build new compounds, do work, and generate heat
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carbs
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primary source of fuel for our bodies
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carb source
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fuel for brain and exercise
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carbo
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refers to carbon
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hydrate
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refers to water
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fat source
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important at rest and low-intensity exercise
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fat
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type of lipid
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composition of carbs
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carbon, hydrogen, and water
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composition of fats
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carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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protein
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not a primary source of energy
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protein source
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builds new cells, tissues, growth, and repair
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composition of proteins
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
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what the body does with excess energy
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it is stored as fat on the body, or to be drawn between meals, while fasting, or when exercising
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nutrients that yield no energy
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vitamins, minerals, and water
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vitamins
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organic compounds that assist us in regulating our bodies processes
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vitamin characteristics
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essential to energy metabolism, do not supply energy, and sensitive to light, heat, and chemical agents
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vitamin classifications
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water soluble and fat soluble
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water soluble vitamins
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B and C
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fat soluble vitamins
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A, D, E, and K
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minerals
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inorganic substances that are not broken down during digestion and absorption and are not destroyed by heat or light
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16
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number of essential minerals
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mineral functions
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assist in fluid regulation and energy production, essential to health of bones and blood, helps to rid the body of harmful by-products of metabolism
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major minerals
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need > 100 mg/day
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trace minerals
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need < 100 mg/day
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water
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an indispensable and abundant inorganic nutrient that is vital for survival
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water characteristics
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needed in large amounts, component of almost every body tissue, participates in metabolic reactions, and a medium of transport to and from the cell
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ways water is consumed
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its pure form, juices, soups, and solids such as fruits and vegetables
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RDA are set for
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energy, protein, 11 vitamins, 7 minerals, for various age groups throughout the life cycle, males and females, and pregnant and lactating women
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obesity
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excess intake of energy
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uses of rda
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to plan and evaluate diets of populations, estimate risk of deficiencies over time, determine the adequacy of diets in surveys, establish guidelines for food assistance programs, guidelines for food labeling, and to develop new food products
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eer
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estimated energy requirement; average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult
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registered dietitian requirements
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bs in nutrition, completion of supervised clinical experience, passing a national registration examination, and work in a variety of settings
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cdc
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centers for disease control and prevention
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nhanes
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national health and nutrition examination survey
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brfss
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behavioral risk factor surveillance system
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nih
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national institutes of health
