question

Who is the founder of the science of psychology?

answer

Wundt

question

Structuralism is to functionalism as

answer

Analysis of basic elements is to investigation of purpose

question

Of the six contemporary perspectives in psychology, which one seems to be the most optimistic about human nature?

answer

Humanistic

question

Both the psychoanalytic and behavioral perspectives share the belief that

answer

People do not have much control over the things that affect their behavior

question

\"My professor said we should spend about 10 hours a week studying if we want to get a good grade. I don't know what is wrong with me, but I just cannot make myself study that much. What should I do?\" If someone applies the behavioral perspective to this student, then what suggestion would be made?

answer

Behavior is affected by our environments. What kind of environment do you create for yourself to study in? Does it help you to focus and concentrate, or is it full of distractions? Also, do you find ways to reward yourself for studying? If studying is rewarded, then you will study more

question

Numerous studies have shown that people tend to see what they expect to see. This finding that our expectations affect our perception is most consistent with which theoretical perspective?

answer

Cognitive

question

Studies of students' lecture notes have discovered that

answer

The average student often writes down less than 40% of the crucial ideas in the lecture

question

In the process of critical thinking, the term critical means

answer

being analytical and evaluating ideas

question

Marion is always late. Why is she always late? One person suggests that it is because she thinks it's better to arrive late and that she thinks arriving early or on time is not cool. This kind of explanation is consistent with which psychological perspective?

answer

cognitive

question

A friend recently got married and said that her new husband gets upset with her whenever she burps out loud. When I asked her why he gets upset, she said she thinks it's because he was raised in a very prim and proper household. His parents told him and his siblings that burping out loud was unacceptable and they were punished whenever they did it.

answer

behavioral

question

Imagine that someone tells a long story about an unusual habit her father has. She asks why her father does that. Which of the following is most consistent with the way a psychologist is trained to think?

answer

\"It is not a simple answer, and we need to gather more information about your father before drawing any conclusions . . .\"

question

Imagine that a cognitive psychologist wants to study visualization among athletes. She starts by stating the hypothesis: \"Visualization will improve performance among pole vaulters.\" What is the dependent variable in this example?

answer

performance among pole vaulters

question

To test her hypothesis, the cognitive psychologist will do an experiment. She randomly selects 20 pole vaulters from all active NCAA pole vaulters and then randomly assigns 10 of them to receive visualization training and 10 to not receive visualization training. The best label for the group of 10 pole vaulters who do not receive visualization training is

answer

Control

question

The 10 pole vaulters who receive visualization training meet one-on-one with a coach who talks to them about their goals and then teaches them how to create mental pictures of preparing for and completing a pole vault that is a personal best. The other 10 pole vaulters who do not get visualization training meet one-on-one with a coach who talks to them about their goals but does not teach them visualization. At each pole vaulter's next NCAA competition, the researcher records the height in inches of the pole vaulter's best vault. What is the independent variable in this example?

answer

Vizualization

question

A middle school English teacher decides to use her students for an experiment to see if reading aloud affects how well her students understand poetry. In her first class period in the morning at 8:20 AM, she does not have students read aloud. In her next to last class period in the afternoon at 1:45 PM, she has students read aloud for half of the class. She does this each day for a week and then gives all of the students a new poem to analyze and grades their work on a 0 - 100 scale. In this example, the confounding variable is

answer

Class time

question

n studying the relationship between sleep and physical illness, researchers have found that college students who get more sleep tend to get sick less often. This correlation proves that

answer

the correlation allows us to say with certainty that there is a link between sleep and illness but it does not tell us why they are linked

question

The \"I have a friend who\" syndrome is another term for the tendency to

answer

Rely on anecdotal evidence

question

An acquaintance once told me about a time when she had a bad cold and she drank a lot of grapefruit juice. She recovered from that cold quickly, and she is now convinced that grapefruit juice cures colds. Why is it NOT correct to draw such a conclusion?

answer

There are numerous uncontrolled extraneous variables that could explain what happened, There is no control group for comparison, The experience of just one person cannot be used to make general statements about major phenomena

question

In reading about different research methods, you learned that each method has advantages and disadvantages. What is the common thread that cuts across all methods used in psychological science?

answer

they all involve systematic collection of information with the goal of improving our understanding of behavior

question

Look at the drawing above. If electrical stimulation was applied to the spot labeled 4 on your cortex, what would you be most likely to experience?

answer

a sensation somewhere on the left side of your body, maybe as if someone was touching your skin

question

The drunken driving suspect was unable to hold his hand out to the side and bring his finger to a stop on his noise because one of the brain structures depressed first by alcohol is the

answer

cerebellum

question

While studying late at night, Mindy hears a loud bang outside her door. Her heart starts to race, she feels her face flush, and her palms start to sweat. These reactions are part of the fight-or-flight response, and they are caused by activation of the

answer

sympathetic nervous system

question

Janetta is having a problem with muscle spasms and her doctor gives her a pill to reduce them. She asks her doctor how the pill works, and he says it affects a neurotransmitter that controls muscles. Which neurotransmitter is the drug affecting?

answer

ACh

question

When describing the brain, what does the term neuroplasticity refer to?

answer

the flexibility and changeability of the brain's structure and organization

question

How does a signal travel from one neuron to the next?

answer

one neuron releases neurotransmitters that travel across the synaptic cleft to bind with another neuron

question

Which part of the cortex monitors and directs thought processes and is therefore involved in complex cognitive activities, such as planning, paying attention, and getting organized? A. primary cortex

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

Fiona puts her hands into a sinkful of lukewarm water. Luke puts his hands into a sinkful of ice-cold water. Based on what is known about neural transmission, you would predict that the action potentials will

answer

be the same in both individuals due to the all-or-none principle

question

Ian has been in a coma since he was in a serious car accident. He is still on medical life support because he is unable to breathe and his heart will not beat without assistance. It is likely that the accident caused damage to Ian's

answer

medulla

question

Elizabeth just caught sight of a red and green hummingbird flying in the arboretum. The neural impulses from her eye will eventually travel to her occipital lobe, but first they must pass through which structure to be directed to the correct location for visual processing?

answer

thalamus

question

Both sides of our brains are involved in all complex thought, emotion, and behavior. Therefore, it is wrong to describe a person or activity as right- or left-brained. Which structure enables the two sides of our brains to be in constant communication to collaborate and integrate their activities?

answer

corpus callosum

question

Caffeine is the main active ingredient in stimulating beverages such as coffee, green tea, colas, Mountain Dew, Red Bull, and many energy drinks. Caffeine reduces feelings of fatigue because it is a very effective blocker of which neurotransmitter?

answer

Adenosine

question

How is the \"use it or lose it\" aspect of neuroplasticity helpful for understanding why this 10% claim is a myth?

answer

If you used only 10% of your brain, then the other 90% that is not being used would shrink and die.

question

When you want to see a faint object in the dark, like a dim star in the night sky, you should not look directly at it. Instead, you should look slightly above or below it because

answer

rods are most plentiful just outside the fovea

question

Cells in the visual cortex can be characterized as feature detectors because

answer

each cell is highly specialized and responds only to very specific aspects of complex stimuli

question

Researchers have found that the eye has three different types of cones, each most sensitive to a particular color (red, green or blue). Which theory of color vision is supported by this finding

answer

trichromatic theory

question

Feature analysis describes form perception as involving a progression from individual elements to the whole, such as from individual letters to whole words. This type of processing is known as

answer

bottom-up

question

The concept of perceptual set fits which type of processing?

answer

top-down

question

People often group elements to create a sense of wholeness. For example, if a drawing of a familiar form has some small gaps in it, the mind will automatically fill in the missing bits to perceive a whole form. The name of the Gestalt principle at work here is

answer

closure

question

In honor of a big win, Mike threw a party and put blue food coloring in all the food to make it look Carolina blue -- blue cookies, blue cake, blue ranch dip, etc. The food coloring had no odor or flavor itself. It just made everything blue. At the party, his friends were not eating very much so he asked one of them what was wrong, and the friend said, \"All this blue food tastes funny. I can't eat it.\" What concept best explains why changing a food's color can change the perception of its flavor?

answer

Intermodal perception

question

Joel entered a room with a strong, peculiar odor. At first, it was very pungent, but after about 30 minutes, Joel did not even smell it any more. His friend entered the room and said, \"Dude, what stinks?\" and Joel said, \"Really, it smelled bad when I first got here but I thought it was gone.\" Why did Joel no longer smell the odor?

answer

he experienced sensory adaptation

question

Which perceptual concept is most useful for understanding why someone who EXPECTS to see sex in advertisements will see some sort of sexual message in just about any ad?

answer

perceptual set

question

The fact that people in the US would be reluctant to eat the Balinese delicacy of dragonflies boiled in coconut milk illustrates which of the unifying themes presented in chapter 1?

answer

Behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage

question

Which of the following is an example of sensory adaptation?

answer

A person who jumps into a cool swimming pool feels very cold at first and then gradually stops feeling cold.

question

The frequency theory best explains _____ sounds, while the place theory best explains _____ sounds.

answer

low-pitched; high-pitched

question

Imagine that you are asked to stare at a bright red dot. After about 30 seconds, you are instructed to shift your gaze to a white sheet of paper. If you have normal color vision, then opponent process theory indicates that you will now see

answer

a green dot

question

Some basic aspects of taste perception are inborn, such as whether you are a supertaster, a nontaster, or a medium taster. However, most of an individual's taste preferences are heavily influenced by

answer

learning and exposure

question

In what way is the olfactory system different from the other senses?

answer

Pathway of processing in the brain: It is the only one that does not go through the thalamus before reaching the cortex

question

Which of the following is an example of the persuasion technique known as the door-in-the-face technique?

answer

The first time Brent sees Angie, he walks up to her and asks her to marry him. When Angie says no, Brent asks if she will get a cup of coffee with him.

question

Jessie completed her bachelor's degree at UNC Chapel Hill and went to another university for graduate school. After spending four years on the extremely beautiful campus of UNC, she perceives the other school's campus to be plain and unattractive. This experience shows how much perception is affected by

answer

contrast effects

question

Prior to going outside to look at stars in the night sky, Ruben studied a star chart that outlined several constellations. By studying the star chart, he formed an idea of where stars would appear and how they would look placed together in the sky. For example, he formed a picture in his head of Orion focusing on a line-up of stars to create a belt in the midsection. When he stepped outside and looked up, he immediately recognized the Orion constellation. By having an idea already, Ruben's perception was facilitated by

answer

top-down processing

question

Many cues enable us to perceive depth and distance accurately. What is true of the following cues: Linear perspective, texture gradient, interposition, relative size, and height in plane?

answer

they are all monocular cues that can be seen with just one eye open

question

Pain messages are transmitted to the brain via two pathways that pass through different areas of the thalamus. Consider those two pathways and complete the analogy: Fast is to slow as

answer

sharp pain is to dull ache

question

William James is quoted at the beginning of the article by Chun et al. What do you know about William James from chapter 1 of our textbook?

answer

He took a functionalist approach and emphasized studying the flow of consciousness to understand its function and purpose, not simply its component parts

question

Taxonomy is a key word in the title of the attention reading. What is a taxonomy?

answer

a system for organizing and classifying related objects or ideas

question

Attention is finite. At any given time, there are a multitude of external stimuli (sights, sounds, smells, etc.) that we might possibly notice and an equally large number of internal stimuli (memories, feelings, thoughts, beliefs, etc.). Yet we can only pay attention to a tiny fraction of all of these. This basic characteristic of attention is known as

answer

limited capacity

question

Because of the characteristic described above, we must use the function of in order to pick out a small subset of stimuli to focus on.

answer

selection

question

After we have chosen something to focus on, attention is used to concentrate cognitive processes on that target. For example, attention facilitates recognition, perception, and encoding the target into memory. This characteristic of attention is labeled

answer

modulation

question

What is the term for the ability to sustain attention and focus over time, such as being able to concentrate on reading the Chun et al. article for an hour or more?

answer

vigilance

question

What does it mean to say that attention is not unitary?

answer

Attention is not a single process or mechanism; instead, it comprises multiple processes and mechanisms that work together in complex ways

question

The main problem that our attention system must deal with is

answer

there is too much information to process at once

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of a target of internal attention?

answer

While reading this quiz item, you are distracted by noises made by people in another part of the room or outside the room

question

Stimulus-driven, bottom-up processing is to goal-directed, top-down processing as

answer

external attention is to internal attention

question

Which of the following demonstrates mutlimodal attention?

answer

When you are touched on the hand, your visual and auditory attention is directed toward the location of that touch

question

When you enter a situation, such as a classroom or a football stadium, one of the most important issues for visual attention is \"where do I look?\" This question involves what type of attention?

answer

spatial attention

question

If we are directed to watch for a particular object when a series of images is flashed in front of us, we are very good at detecting it even when images appear at a rate as fast as 10 images per second. However, if we are directed to also watch for a second object, we will miss that second object if it appears less than a half of a second after the first one. Research shows that paying attention to the first object temporarily inhibits attention to a second target. This complex attention experience is called

answer

the attentional blink

question

Which of the following would be an example of the long-term memory aid known as refreshing?

answer

Thinking about chapter 1 and reflecting on the details in it, including the photos, drawings and graphs

question

Selecting something for your attention necessarily means that something else cannot be paid attention to. This aspect of attention is summarized in which statement?

answer

Attention is a zero sum game.

question

Psychological refractory period is to internal attention as

answer

attentional blink is to external attention

question

Which of the following does NOT illustrate the effects of the ironic processes of control?

answer

Students given a string with a pendulum on it and told to hold it steady are more unsteady than when they are told to prevent it from moving in a particular direction

question

The primary attention problem caused by alcohol is

answer

alcohol causes attention to be even more severely limited than it already is

question

Regarding patterns of sleep: As adults age, they tend to

answer

spend more time in shallower stages of sleep

question

A progressive decrease in one's response to a drug with repeated and prolonged use is called

answer

tolerance

question

The theorist who proposed the wish-fulfillment idea about dreaming was

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

Research has revealed that most dreams are

answer

about normal, every day concerns and occurrences

question

The most common sleep disorder is

answer

occasional insomnia

question

A circadian rhythm involves a biological cycle that fluctuates across

answer

a 24-hour period

question

After flying long distances, the general rule for readjusting your body's internal clock is that it will take approximately

answer

one day per time zone crossed

question

The type of sleep that is called slow-wave or deep sleep includes which stages of sleep?

answer

stages 3 and 4

question

Which of the following does NOT happen during REM sleep for people with typical, non-disordered REM sleep?

answer

increased muscle contractions throughout the body

question

Which of the following accurately lists the sequence of sleep stages in a typical sleep cycle?

answer

stage 1 --> stage 2 --> stage 3 --> stage 4 --> stage 3 --> stage 2 --> REM

question

Which of the following statements about REM is TRUE?

answer

Brain activity during REM resembles the pattern and frequency of brain activity that occurs during stage 1 or wakefulness.

question

Which statement best describes changes in sleep that occur as we repeat the sleep cycle?

answer

Each time the cycle is repeated, we spend more time in REM and less time in the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep

question

What is the implication of the change in the sleep cycle described in the previous item?

answer

As the night wears on, you will have more dreams and/or longer dreams.

question

Studies of sleep in different cultures show that

answer

culture has a big impact on sleeping arrangements and practices, such as if and when adults take naps

question

Imagine that you have had insomnia for several nights and your family doctor gives you a prescription for a sleeping pill. You take a pill each night for about two weeks. Because you've been able to sleep each night and feel caught up on your sleep, you stop taking the pills. What is likely to happen to your sleep?

answer

you are likely to have some difficulty either falling asleep or staying asleep, and you may have even worse insomnia than you did before you started taking the pills

question

According to the problem-solving view of dreaming, there is considerable continuity between waking and sleeping thought. What does this mean?

answer

the things we dream about are often the same things we think about when we are awake

question

If you wish to apply what you learned about sleep and dreams to improve your memory of the material you are studying for an upcoming exam, then you should

answer

make sure you are well-rested prior to studying, after studying, make sure you get a good night of sleep with repetitions of full sleep cycles in order to allow for memory consolidation

question

Which of the following is NOT an effect of hypnosis?

answer

involuntary loss of personal control

question

According to research on individual ability to experience hypnosis, what percentage of people are unable to experience hypnosis? A. 50%

answer

10%

question

What is the psychological term for a splitting of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness?

answer

dissociation

question

An EEG is used to monitor

answer

the electrical activity of the brain

question

What do the EEG recordings of hypnotized people show?

answer

brain activity during normal waking consciousness.

question

The group of practices that attempt to train attention, heighten awareness, and bring mental processes under voluntary control are known as

answer

meditation

question

The study of classical conditioning and operant conditioning is most closely tied to which psychological perspective?

answer

behavioral

question

When a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus, the process is called

answer

classical conditioning

question

A conditioned stimulus is

answer

a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response

question

When a conditioned response shows spontaneous recovery, the renewed response typically

answer

is weaker than the previously conditioned response

question

What type of individual experience is most likely to be shaped by classical conditioning?

answer

involuntary reflexes, such as salivation or blinking

question

What is the term for the gradual weakening and disappearance of a learned response?

answer

extinction

question

While she was smelling a rose, Veronica was stung on the nose by a bee. The sting was very painful and scary for Veronica. Now Veronica feels anxious whenever she sees a rose. This is an example of what type of learning?

answer

classical conditioning

question

Before this experience, Veronica had no particular reaction to the sight of a rose. The appropriate term for the rose BEFORE this experience is

answer

neutral stimulus

question

Gavin recently went deep-sea fishing with some friends. Unfortunately, Gavin was extremely seasick the entire time he was on the boat, and now when he sees boats, he feels queasy. In this situation, the conditioned stimulus is

answer

boats

question

Robert had a serious car accident while Mozart was playing on his stereo. Now, every time Robert hears a Mozart song, he feels frightened and panicked. What is the unconditioned stimulus?

answer

serious car accident

question

Robert developed a conditioned response of fear and anxiety to hearing music by Mozart. If he were to have the same response to any classical music, it would be called

answer

generalization

question

Your romantic partner always uses the same shampoo. Soon, the smell of that shampoo makes you feel happy. What would be the correct label for your reaction of feeling happy when you smell the shampoo?

answer

conditioned response

question

John Watson conducted an experiment with a boy named Albert in which he paired a white rat with a loud, startling noise. Following the experiment, poor little Albert had a startled response at the mere sight of the white rat. In this terribly unethical experiment, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

answer

the loud noise

question

Reinforcement and punishment are important operant conditioning concepts. What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

answer

Negative reinforcement increases behavior and punishment decreases behavior.

question

Nolan has learned to drink a cup of coffee whenever he gets a tension headache because the pain of the headache goes away after he drinks coffee. For Nolan's behavior of drinking coffee, this is an example of

answer

escape learning

question

The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer and closer approximations of some desired response is called

answer

shaping

question

Albert Bandura conducted experiments using Bobo dolls, role models, and children. The results of these experiments demonstrate that the saying \"Do as I say, not as I do\" is useless because

answer

we are very likely to imitate what we see other people do, especially if their behavior was reinforced and/or not punished

question

Gambling behavior is reinforced according to a schedule of reinforcement while use of vending machines is reinforced according to a schedule of reinforcement.

answer

variable; fixed

question

Which schedule of reinforcement tends to generate steady response rates as well as resistance to extinction?

answer

variable

question

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

answer

Enrique's roommates make fun of him for not drinking. At a recent party, Enrique got a red cup and pretended to drink, and his roommates stopped teasing him. Now Enrique holds a red cup and pretends to drink at most parties.

question

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

answer

The dentist has been lecturing Anita for years about flossing. At every appointment, the dentist criticizes Anita for not flossing. Anita begins flossing, and then the dentist stops the lecturing and criticism. Now Anita flosses every day.

question

In an attempt to get us to buy their products, advertisers frequently pair their products with stimuli that seem likely to elicit positive emotional responses. For example, they pair a laundry detergent with a cute, cuddly bear. Or, they pair a credit card with a warm, loving family scene. What type of conditioning are these advertisers using to get you to learn positive emotional responses to their products?

answer

classical

question

The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory system and is used later is

answer

encoding then storage then retrieval

question

Taryn was given a list of words as part of a memory test and that included the words \"dog, pail, and hate.\" Later, she recalled these words as: \"puppy, bucket, and loathe.\" Taryn's errors in recall suggest that she encoded the original word list

answer

semantically

question

The current research evidence shows that most memories are consolidated in the and stored in the .

answer

hippocampus; cerebral cortex

question

If you suffer from an inability to recall old memories as a result of brain trauma, you have a case of

answer

retrograde amnesia

question

Which type of memory is made up of temporally dated recollections of personal experiences?

answer

episodic

question

The misinformation effect and source monitoring error help to explain

answer

how people can believe they have memories of events that never actually happened

question

In studying the process of retrieving information from long-term memory, research finds that

answer

getting information from long-term memory involves getting a few bits and pieces of information, filling in the missing information, and reconstructing the past

question

Imagine that you are trying to memorize a list of words in order. According to the serial-position effect, which words will you remember BEST?

answer

the words at the beginning of the list and the words at the end of the list

question

Research on levels of processing suggests that students should spend less time on rote repetition and spend more time

answer

working on a genuine understanding of the concepts in order to apply them and recognize examples of them

question

In studying the process of retrieving information from long-term memory, research finds that

answer

getting information from long-term memory involves getting a few bits and pieces of information, filling in the missing information, and reconstructing the past

question

Amelia spent the afternoon talking with a friend. Then, later that same day, she got a phone call from her mother, and they talked for about an hour. The next day Amelia's sister calls to find out what she and her mother talked about. However, Amelia cannot remember everything from the conversation with her mother because she keeps recalling things from her earlier conversation with her friend. This is an example of

answer

proactive interference

question

In the systems model of emotion, the essential COGNITIVE process that occurs following an activating event or object is labeled

answer

appraisal

question

What does the \"broaden\" aspect of the Broaden-and-Build Theory refer to?

answer

Positive emotions cause us to have a wide array of thought-action tendencies

question

According to the Broaden-and-Build Theory, one important characteristic that positive emotions might help us to build is psychological resilience. What is psychological resilience?

answer

the ability to bounce back from a stressful experience relatively quickly

question

Research on positive emotion shows that positive emotion leads to broadened thinking which triggers more positive emotion. What is the term used in the Broaden-and-Build Theory to describe this pattern of positive emotions and thoughts building upon one another?

answer

upward spiral

question

Research shows that positive emotions can undo lingering negative emotions. What specifically does the term \"undo\" refer to in this research?

answer

decrease physiological arousal

question

A drive is an internal state of

answer

tension that is motivating

question

An external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior is referred to as

answer

an incentive

question

Alfred Kinsey is famous for the work he did on sexuality in the 1950's and 1960's. After collecting information from many individuals, he proposed that homosexuality and heterosexuality are

answer

end points on a continuum of sexual orientation

question

Which of the following shows the correct ordering of factors from most predictive to least predictive of happiness?

answer

1st: Love and marriage 2nd: Work 3rd: Health 4th: Intelligence

question

When given a choice among tasks, individuals with a high need for achievement will choose which type of task?

answer

a moderately difficult task

question

Drive is to incentive as

answer

internal is to external

question

According to this theory of motivation, the three fundamental needs that must be met for you to achieve the highest level of self-motivation are autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

answer

Self-determination theory

question

A manager says that she plans to use positive reinforcement to motivate her employees. She says she is going to set up a rewards program in which employees who meet performance goals are given prizes at the end of each month, such as gift cards, extra time off, and cash bonuses. This manager is going to be most successful in motivating her employees if the work they do involves

answer

manual tasks that require little thought

question

In the video \"The Surprising Truth about What Motivates Us,\" which need is described as \"the urge to get better at stuff?\"

answer

mastery

question

When does a larger reward lead to poorer performance?

answer

when the task involves cognitive skill, such as conceptual, creative thinking

question

What's the best use of money as a motivator?

answer

Pay people enough to get the issue of money off the table and so people are thinking about their work, not about money

question

This company's success is an example of the benefits of using which factor to improve performance and satisfaction among their software developers?

answer

autonomy

question

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model shows the connections among memory processes and memory stores. We discussed this model in class and noted that there are some errors in the textbook's drawing of this model of memory. The correct location for the process of storage is

answer

inside long-term memory

question

Broaden-and-Build Theory is an important set of principles regarding positive emotion. In this framework, what does the term broaden refer to?

answer

positive emotions cause a greater number of thought-action tendencies to come to mind

question

After realizing how much time he wasted on facebook, Pat deactivated his facebook account. For the next couple days, he felt more and more lonely, anxious and bored until he gave up on deactivating his facebook account. To analyze this as an example of operant conditioning, focus on deactivating as the response. The appropriate label for the pattern of change in the behavior of deactivating is

answer

punishment

question

Which theme from chapter 1 is most relevant to understanding what causes something to develop and what causes individual differences in development?

answer

Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior

question

Every developmental outcome is the result of the interaction of internal and external factors. One important internal factor is agency. Which of the following illustrates the meaning of agency?

answer

In order to develop a better understanding of people, Malea chooses to enroll in PSYC 101 and attends all of the lectures.

question

A life course perspective requires taking into account the unique developmental experiences of ________ which is a group of people who live in a particular historical time and place. For example, the sexual development of women who were born in the 1930s is very different from the sexual development of women who were born in the 1990s.

answer

a cohort

question

In the study of the development of sexual orientation, when we ask the question \"what is chosen?\" we are asking about which causal factor?

answer

personal agency

question

Numerous genetic, hormonal, and neurological factors interact to organize and create

answer

sexual desire

question

Multiple biological factors interact to shape underlying sexual desire. These factors begin to operate during which period of development?

answer

prenatal period

question

Which claim would be most consistent with the essentialist approach to understanding human experience?

answer

Who you are can be reduced to some internal quality that is part of human nature

question

Same-sex desire and behavior indicating this underlying desire have been observed

answer

in many different cultures, over the entire course of human history

question

Which of the following would be the correct adjective to describe a characteristic that exists on a continuum?

answer

dimensional

question

The term self-schema refers to

answer

The framework of ideas about ourselves that creates a sense of self

question

Which of the following patterns has been found in research on gender differences in sexual identity?

answer

Compared to men, women's sexual identity is more influenced by whom they fall in love with and not simply whom they have sex with

question

What does the term \"cultural press\" refer to?

answer

The way in which your culture's definition of sexual orientation is felt as a force moving you to identify with a particular category of sexual orientation

question

According to the _________ point of view, the identities of gay, straight, and bisexual are social categories created by humans to describe their world.

answer

constructionist

question

The term \"homosexuality\" was invented as a clinical term in _____________; at this time in history, sexuality was increasingly medicalized and viewed as a form of disease.

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1869

question

Complete the analogy: Underlying sexual desire is to cultural model of sexuality as

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dimensional is to categorical

question

Psychoanalytic approaches to personality emphasize all of the following except

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negative reinforcement

question

Id is to pleasure principle as

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ego is to reality principle

question

A man who has numerous reasons to hate his mother instead lavishes her with unrealistic amounts of love and attention. Someone with a psychoanalytic perspective would propose that this man is using the defense mechanism known as

answer

reaction formation

question

To explain an individual's level of a personality trait, such as extraversion, someone with a behavioral perspective similar to that of B.F. Skinner would look for

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early learning experiences and reinforcement history

question

According to Carl Rogers, a self-concept is labeled __________ when it matches reality in a reasonably accurate way.

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congruent

question

Some individuals feel confident that they can successfully perform the responses necessary to earn reinforcers. In other words, they believe they have the ability to reach their goals. These people are said to have a high level of

answer

self-efficacy

question

At a crowded party, one person feels excited, energized, and outgoing while another person feels reserved and shy. Why do people have different reactions to the same situation? According to the social cognitive approach, how we react to our environment depends on

answer

how we think

question

According to the evolutionary approach to personality, humans have evolved special sensitivity to variations in the ability to cooperate and collaborate with others, which is closely associated with the Big Five personality trait of

answer

agreeableness

question

Carlita is a nervous, emotionally reactive person. She has a high score on the neuroticism scale of the Big 5. Why is she neurotic? Someone applying the behavioral perspective would be most likely to say that she

answer

has experienced consequences that reinforced her neurotic pattern of reaction

question

What is the main idea of Abraham Maslow's concept of the hierarchy of needs?

answer

we must satisfy our basic needs (such as hunger, safety, love) before we can be motivated by higher needs (such as personal growth needs)

question

What is the most appropriate conclusion about genetics and personality?

answer

Every personality trait is influenced by an interaction of genes and experience.

question

Do you bite your nails, chew the ends of your pens, smoke or overeat? If you do, then Freudian theorist would say you have an oral fixation. What does this mean?

answer

your psychological development stalled during the first year of life; you are still stuck in that stage because of some issue related to breast feeding or weaning

question

Projective tests like the Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach inkblot test are used by some clinical psychologists because

answer

they provide a useful way to get some subjective information from clients in a therapy session

question

Carl Rogers's approach to personality emphasizes the self-concept, which is your own conscious mental picture of yourself. Because of this focus on subjective beliefs about oneself, Rogers called his approach

answer

person-centered theory

question

According to Carl Rogers, we will have less disparity between the self-concept and our actual experiences if we

answer

receive unconditional love

question

Which of the following is NOT a weakness of self-report inventories?

answer

People's awareness or recollection of their own experiences can be incomplete and inaccurate

question

Which approaches to personality are most vulnerable to hindsight bias?

answer

evolutionary and psychoanalytic

question

Julio is extremely dependable and productive, and his friends say he is great at organizing events. If Julio completed a measure of Big Five personality traits, he would probably score

answer

high in conscientiousness

question

The textbook's presentation of the topic of personality MOST strongly reflects which unifying theme of psychology?

answer

Psychology is theoretically diverse.

question

What does the letter B stand for in the A -> B -> C model

answer

beliefs

question

When someone experiences loss of the use of some part of the body with no accompanying organic problems, he or she will be diagnosed with which disorder?

answer

conversion

question

The subtype of schizophrenia marked by delusions of persecution and grandeur is called

answer

paranoid

question

A ______________ model focuses on treating abnormal behavior as a disease.

answer

Medical

question

Diagnosis is to etiology as

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describe is to explain

question

One of the criteria of abnormal behavior is that the behavior is maladaptive. Which of the following is a synonym for maladaptive?

answer

dysfunctional

question

Which psychological perspective prompted the research that discovered that people who misinterpret harmless situations as threatening and those who focus excessive attention on perceived threats are more likely to suffer from anxiety?

answer

cognitive

question

The central feature of schizophrenic disorders is

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disturbed, irrational thought

question

Research has shown that neurotransmitter abnormalities are often found in individuals with schizophrenia. Which neurotransmitter has most of this research been focused on?

answer

Dopamine

question

Research shows that cognitive factors contribute to depression. In particular, this research shows that people who have ______________ are especially vulnerable to depression.

answer

a pessimistic explanatory style

question

The diathesis - stress model of psychological disorders is most consistent with which theme of psychology?

answer

Behavior is determined by multiple causes.

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Which of the following terms does NOT fit the meaning of the term diathesis in the diathesis-stress model?

answer

environmental

question

In class we watched a video clip in which we heard Andrew describe his experience of major depression. He says that the opposite of depression is not happiness. The opposite of depression is

answer

vitality

question

Which of the following is true for both medication and ECT?

answer

relatively high relapse rates, relatively high effectiveness, troublesome side effects

question

Imagine that a friend confides in you that he wants to go see a therapist, but he is not sure what to look for. Based on the information about the qualities of an effective psychotherapist, what should you recommend?

answer

Find a therapist who you feel is warm, caring, and understanding

question

Which statement is true about the short-term effectiveness of treatments for depression?

answer

Psychotherapy and medication are equally effective for reducing symptoms within 6-8 weeks of starting treatment.

question

Which of the following would provide evidence of the long-term effectiveness of a treatment for symptoms of psychological disorder?

answer

After people discontinue treatment because they no longer need it, they do not experience a return of their symptoms.

question

What is true about the long-term effectiveness of psychotherapy?

answer

Psychotherapy has much better long-term effectiveness than medication.

question

What does the C part of CBT involve?

answer

examining and changing thoughts and beliefs

question

Which of the following statements is true of CBT?

answer

It is a structured approach to changing thoughts and behavior with the goal of reducing a problem in someone's present day life.

question

Shane believes that short men have a tendency to be insecure. The concept of illusory correlation implies that he will

answer

overestimate the frequency of insecure short men

question

In the chapter, read the section about Key Factors in Attraction. Which of the following statements is true?

answer

Birds of a feather flock together

question

compared to individuals from non-Western societies, individuals from Western societies are more likely to show _______________ in their causal attributions.

answer

a self-serving bias

question

Bonnie is uncomfortable being close to others. She finds it difficult to trust people, and she feels as if she has never really experienced true intimacy in any of her adult relationships. According to the theory developed by Hazan and Shaver, during infancy, Bonnie's parents were most likely

answer

cold and rejecting

question

According to Festinger's cognitive dissonance research, you would predict greatest attitudinal change in a person who is led to lie by

answer

a simple request to do so

question

In Milgram's 1963 study, what percentage of study participants obeyed the experimenter fully?

answer

65%

question

Of the terms listed below, which one is a cognitive process that is frequently automatic and that saves time and effort required to get a handle on people individually?

answer

stereotyping

question

Because a stereotype is an oversimplification, it will save us cognitive time and effort. However, the price we pay is that our perception of individuals will be

answer

inaccurate

question

Research on the ways in which stereotypes influence social perception shows that we see what we expect to see in others. In this way, stereotypes involve

answer

top-down processing

question

Someone hears that a student got 11 correct answers out of 36 on an exam, and says, \"That student must not be smart.\" This is an example of

answer

an internal attribution

question

Another person hears about the 11 out of 36 and says, \"Woah, how did that happen? Maybe something came up and she couldn't study, like a family emergency or getting sick or having to work a lot of extra hours at her job.\" This is an example of

answer

external attribution

question

The main conclusion of studies on obedience is that

answer

under strong pressure from an authority figure, most people obey orders to harm someone else

question

It is sad but true: Prejudicial attitudes can be found in children as young as 4 years old. What is the cause of prejudice in such young children?

answer

it is learned from others, especially parents

question

Research on factors that affect conformity found that the two key determinants of conformity are

answer

group size and a sense of anonymity

question

Research on conformity, obedience, social roles, social loafing and the bystander effect reveals the power of the situation to transform behavior. However, it is not simply that the situation changes you. Your behavior is always the result of an interaction of internal and external factors. In all of these situations, the social factors interact with which internal process?

answer

sense of personal responsibility

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