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What is Sociology?

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study of society and human behaviors

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What is society?

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People who share a culture and a territory (large group of people who live in an area and participate in the same economy or culture)

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What is Culture?

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Beliefs and knowledge shared by a group or society that influences attitudes and behaviors

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Sociological Perspectives (3)

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1. Context Matters 2. Society Matters 3. "Social Location Matters"

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C. Wright Mills and Sociological Imagination

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"It is the ability to grasp connections between history and biography" (1959)

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History

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each society located in a broad stream of events

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Biography

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our experiences within those events

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Quantitative

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methods that obtain info on the social world that can be translated into numbers and then manipulated mathematically

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Qualitative

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methods that attempt to collect info about the social world that connect and be readily converted into numeric form

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Sociological Perspective

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understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context

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Social Location

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the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society

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Natural Sciences

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intellectual and academic disciplines that are designed to explain and predict the events in our natural environment

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Social Sciences

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the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to understand the social world objectively by means of controlled and repeated observations (examples: anthropology, economics, political sciences, psych, sociology)

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Deductive

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1. always start from a theory 2. form hypothesis 3. empirical observations 4. analyze data

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Inductive

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1. Empirical observations 2. analyze data 3. empirical observations 4. analyze data

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Research Methods (6)

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surveys participation observation case studies secondary analysis documents experiments

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Collecting Data: Validity

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the extent to which a variable measures what it is supposed to

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Collecting Data: Reliability

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likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure

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Participant Observation

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Qualitative research method participates in research setting while observing what is happening ex: little boy copying birds, acting as one with gorillas (psych)

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case studies

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intensive analysis of a single event, situation, or individual

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Secondary Analysis

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analyze data previously collected by other researchers ex: census, national crime victimization survey, american community data

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Experimentation

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test causation use of control and experimental groups independent and dependent variable

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positive Correlation

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increase/decrease together

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negative correlation

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increase while other decreases or vice versa

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Culture

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language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next

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"Culture within us" pg. 35

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-Sense through which we perceive and evaluate -Shapes norms, perceptions, interations, human behavior

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Material Culture

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Material objects that distinguish a group of people such as, art, buildings, weapons, hairstyles, utensils

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Ethnocentrism

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belief own culture or group is superior to others and tendency to view all cultures from perspective of one's own

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Cultural Relativism

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Taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value

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Culture Shock

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the disorientation that people experience when they come into contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions -feel uncomfortable

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Principles of culture

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culture is... -human created -shapes perception -orienting -provides moral imperative

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all people are ____ but ____ is usually more beneficial

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ethnocentric cultural relativism

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New Cultures can change our _____

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"taken-for-grated work view"

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What is non-material culture?

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groups way of thinking and doing "symbolic culture" gestures symbols language

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Slang and Sapir-Whorf

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-language shapes what we see rather than reflecting it (reverses common sense) -language has embedded within it ways of looking at the world (shapes the way we think)

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Values

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standard by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or not pretty (can cluster, contradict, clash)

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Norms

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Expected rules for behaviors

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Sanctions

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positive or negative reaction to breaking norms

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Folkways

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norms that are not strictly enforced (the way we do things)

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Mores

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Core values: we insist on conformity (right and wrong)

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Taboo

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a norm so strongly ingrained that even the thought of its violation is greeted with revulsion

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Subculture

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values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture (a world within a world) ex: body building, goth, LGBT, alcoholics anonymous

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Counterculture

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groups whose values and beliefs, norms, and behaviors place its members in opposition in the broader culture ex: hippies, KKK, Militant group, Cult group

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Ideal Culture

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A people's ideal values and norms; the goals held out for them

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Real Culture

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the norms and values that people ACTUALLY followo

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Cultural Lag

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Some parts of culture change faster than others -symbolic takes time to catch up with material ex: table setting, school year -sets frame work for a groups nonmaterial culture

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Cultural diffusing and leveling

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cultural traits spread between cultures cultures become more similar

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Nature

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hereditary/biological

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Nurture

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Social environment

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According to C.Wright Mills, in what ways were people able to use sociological perspective to better understand their lives during the great depression? a. to make enough money to survive, parents placed their children in the labor force b. people blamed the european economy for triggering the european economy for triggering the great depression overseas c. the us middle class formed out of a need for whit-collar workers d. people realized they couldn't find jobs because the economy had collapsed

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d

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According to sociological perspective, why do people choose spouses who share their race, social class, level of education, and degree of physical attractiveness?

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society guides our actions, thoughts, and feelings, narrowing our choices to people similar to ourselves

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which piece of info best helps describes an individual's social location? -job & income level -how others perceive the person -the latitude and longitude of the person's hometown -the person's ability or inability to make friends

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the person's job and income level

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During world war 2, women went to work in factories, understanding that men were needed to fight overseas best example of what?

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ex of people that do see their situation from a sociological perspective

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Peter Berger refers to that moment when we absorb our cultural rules so that it feels instinctual as____. Consciousness acculturation sociology society within us

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Society within us

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Anthropology

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understand culture, a people's total way of life. focus more on artifacts, authority (hierarchy), and language, especially kinship terms

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What does culture include?

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1. artifacts (toolsls, art, weapons) 2. structure (patterns that determine how its members interact with one another) 3. ideas and values (the ways the groups beliefs affect its members lives) 4. forms of communication (especially language) students used to live with groups

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Economics

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production and distribution of material goods and services of a society (single social institution) -choices that determine production and consumption ex: why buy one item instead of the other?

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Political Science

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politics and government

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Psychology

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processes that occur within the individual, inside what they call the "skin-bound organism"

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generalizations

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a statement that goes beyond the individual case and is applied to a broader group or situation -patterns

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Goals of Science

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Explain why something happens make generalizations, go beyond individual case and apply to broader groups/situations predict, specify in the light of current knowledge what will happen

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Common Sense

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Those things that "everyone knows" are true

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Which of the following best defines sociology? the study of cultures the study of processes within individuals the study of politics and government of a society the study of society and human behavior

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the study of society and human behavior

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___ sciences are the intellectual disciplines designed to explain and predict the events in our natural environment sociological psychological ecological the natural

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the natural

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The chief concern of anthropologists is to understand__. culture attitudes behaviors emotions

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culture

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The ___ sciences are the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to comprehend, explain, and predict events in our natural environments. social formal applied natural

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natural

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Which of the following best describes the work of experimental psychologists? often work as therapists give personality and intelligence tests they do research on intelligence and emotions they often work as counselors in school and work settings

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they do research on intelligence and emotions

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How is sociology different from psychology?

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sociologists look at factors external to the individual

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August Comte (1798-1857)

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founding father of sociology apply scientific method to social world (positivism) bases of social order study of society vs biologists stressed sci method be used to society, didn't apply to self

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Karl Marx (1818-1883) ; class conflict

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German philosopher social change does not see self as sociologist Conflict theorists Bourgeoisie ; proletariat communism

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Herbert Spencer ; Social Darwinism

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2nd founder "survival of the fittest" do not guide social reform

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Emile Durkheim ; social Integration

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history and economics french comparison of suicide rates diff. countries weak ties in community=more likely to commit suicide social integration must look at whole not just individual (social basis)

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Class Conflict

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Marx term for the struggle between capitalists and workers

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Bourgeoisie

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marx term for capitalists, those who own the means of production

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proletariat

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marx term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

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social integration

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the degree to which members of a group or a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion

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Max Weber

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used cross-cultural ; historical materials to trace the causes of social change to determine how social groups affect peoples orientation to life religion ; origin of Capitalism "protestant ethic

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value free

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the view that sociologists values or beliefs should not influence social research

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values

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standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly

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objectivity

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value neutrality in research

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Why did Durkheim use the term "social integration" to explain the differences in suicide rates among various groups of people

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The difference was due to the strength of the groups social ties

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Herbert Spencer used the phrase "survival of the fittest" to refer to his theory that ___.

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societies evolve over time because the fittest members adapt to their environment

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Based on Emile Durkheim's analysis, why might an unmarried, Protestant man be more likely to commit suicide than a married catholic woman?

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unmarried, protestant ment have more freedom than others, and freedom weakens social ties

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the word sociology combines the greek word logos, meaning study of, with the latin word sauces, meaning "____"

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being with others

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Which phrase best defines the protestant ethic according to max weber?

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financial investments

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to understand human behavior

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can be used by anyone for any purpose

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to investigate harmful social arrangements

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should be used to improve society

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why max weber believe sociology should be value free, & that sociologist's values should not affect social research

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values may taint objectivity

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a group of sociologists would like to ensure that their findings are unbiased. What is the best thing they can do?

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recruit other groups of sociologists to perform similar studies

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Verstehen (max weber)

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german for "to understand" your understanding of what it means to be human and to face some situation in life, you gain insight into other peoples behavior

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Subjective meanings

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The meanings that people give their own behavior how people interpret their situation in life, how they view what they are doing and what is happening to them

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Social Facts (durkheim)

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group's patterns of behaviors "use social facts to interpret social facts"

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Verstehen: Weber=core to understand society. Durkheim preferred___. Actually however, ansers to social questions lie at the intersection of these two.

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social facts

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Durkheim said that we must use ___ to interpret social facts

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social facts

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way ppl interpret their situation in life, how they view what they are doing and what is happening to them is best described as

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subjective meanings

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4 k's: Kirche, Küche, Kinder, and Kleider (four C's in english)

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church, cooking, children, and clothes

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WEB Du Bois

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studied relations between african americans and whites combined the role of academic sociologist with that of social reformer

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Jane adams

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nobel peace prize poor immigrants

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C Wright Mills

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controversial figure analyze role of the power elite in us society power elite

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basic sociology

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making discoveries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups

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applied sociology

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used to solve problems from the micro level of classroom interaction and family relationships to the macro level of crime and pollution

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Public Sociology

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applying sociology for the public good; esp use of sociological perspective (how things are related to one another) to guide politicians and policy makers

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in the 19th century, male academic sociologists effectively dismissed the contributions of women, many of whom had little access to higher education by___

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reducing their study of social reform to social work

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what challenge did female sociologists in the 19th century face

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gender roles made it difficult for them to be respected as sociologists

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which of the following is most likely approach an applied sociologist would take to the problem of children in an urban area who are hungry?

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create a school lunch program

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which program would most likely to hire an applied sociologist?

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a non-profit organization's program to improve a neighborhood

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Approach of WEB Du Bois in addressing the problems facing black communities?

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he spoke out against racial inequality and become involved with organizations to combat racism

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WEB DU Bois described __ as a major problem facing the united states in the 20th century

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racial inequality

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symbolic interactionism is a micro level approach because it analyzes

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meanings that groups attach to their social world

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George herbert mead

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symbolic interactionism: theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world and communicate with one another

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Functional analyses

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theoretical framework ;society is viewed as composed of various parts,each with a function that when fulfilled contributes to society's equilibrium also known as functionalism and structural functionalism

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robert k merton

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funtionalism

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what do symbolic interactionists study>

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everyday interactions of individuals

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___ approach would be likely to ask: What are major parts of society? how are these parts linked? what does each part do to help society work?

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functional analysis

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Robert K merton, what is social dysfunction

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any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society

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study meaning of prayer beads in different religions. Which socio type is she align with?

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symbolic interactionism

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how might someone using functional analysis view a handshake

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as a social pattern that ties people together

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which sociological approach would most likely lead to comparison of the various aspects of society the parts of the human body?

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fxn analysis

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Current general trend in sociology?

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sociologists are re-emphasizing the use of sociology to solve real-world probs

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socio perspective, how has the spread of capitalism across the globe affected our own lives?

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made us more dependent on one another

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define positivism

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using the scientific method to study the social world

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how is economic different from sociology?

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economics concentrations on a single social institution

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groups become friends & social outside study group. What was the manifest function of the study groups.

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helping the students prepare for their chemistry exam

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early female sociologists viewed sociology as

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a path to social reform

question

what does symbolic interactionism help to explain

answer

how people make sense out of life and their place in life

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which piece of info best helps describes an individual's social location?

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job & income level

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what factor contributes the most to the birth field of sociology

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scientific method

question

which theory about work would be supported by herbert spencer's theoriees?

answer

highly educated and skilled workers move up and become leaders

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according to fun analysts, why might a family experience a temporary, though mild, crisis if an oldest son leaves home to attend college

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roles of each person in family would shift and change

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max weber concluded that ___ was the key factor in the rise of capitalism around the world

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religion

question

C Wright Mills ," the sociological imagination enables us to grasp the connection between history and biography"? meaning

answer

personalities are determined by external forces

question

writing ppr on unfairness of wage differences bt races and genders. Which socio approach?

answer

conflict theory

question

conduct study on global economic crisis and how unemployment are affecting the rate of college attendance in various countries. ___ level

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macro

question

relationship between human behavior and sociological research?

answer

socio research can be on any human behavior

question

why is socio research important?

answer

in order to answer ?s about human behavior, we need to move beyond guesswork and common sense.

question

In comparison to sociological research, common sense is __ understanding social life.

answer

an insufficient means of

question

a researcher find that the use of deodorant cause break cancer. Subsequent studies bu other researches, however, have not replicated this finding. The 1st researcher's study lacks____

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reliability

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important to share results of research even if H disproven

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others repeat research & compare results

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b4 research, must know EXACTLY what "eating disorders" entail in context of his study. Jack needs a(n)___

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operational definition

question

the statement of what you expect to find according to predictions from a theory is known as the ___

answer

hypothesis

question

which of the following is the 1st basic step in sic research

answer

selecting a topic

question

decide research eating disorders. determine how begin teen girls. next step in research model

answer

review literature

question

when an operational def measure what they are intended to measure they are said to be

answer

valid

question

____ focuses on a single even, situation, or individual

answer

case study

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In a ___, everyone in your target population has the same chance of being included in the study

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randome sample

question

Participant observation is also known as

answer

field work

question

karl wants to study buying habits of other students at uni. Which method?

answer

survey

question

Sudhir Venkatesh's research with chicago gangs imply about socio research

answer

researches must understand the true nature of their work and know how fully they are willing to follow it through

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feared that their interviews of rapists in prison might be affected by

answer

interviewer bias

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Gender is influential in social research because

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gender is significant in our lives in general

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jess downplays answers in interview bc of fear interviewer will view her as whiney and incompetent

answer

interview bias

Exam 1 (Chapter 1, 2, 5)

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