ap psychology semester 1 final exam study guide #1
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Mary Whiton Calkins
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1st woman to complete psych PhD requirements.. Harvard refused to grant degree... became first femae President of APA
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Charles Darwin
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Argued natural selection shapes behaviors as well as our bodies.... Evolutionary Psychology
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John Locke
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We are born on a blank slate... Tabula Rasa... our environment and experiences combine to make us who we are
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Dorothea Dix
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Fought to reform treatment of the mentally ill and remove stigma for those treated
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SIgmund Freud
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Psychoanalytical Approach... Exploring unconscious motivations, impulses, conflicts, and desires to understand human behavior
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G. Stanley Hall
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Developmental Psychologists- identified the period we call adolescence
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Wlliam James
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Father of American Psychology- wrote first psych textbook... Principles of Psychology
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Margaret Floy Washburn
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First woman award Psych PhD from Harvard- 2nd female president of APA
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Father of Modern Psychology- set up 1st lab in Leipziy, Germany to study human behavior... first to use empirical methods (scientific observation) to study human behavior
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John B. Watson
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Father of the Behavioral Psychology. Stated if it cannot be scientifically observed it should not be studied
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Paul Broca
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Idnetified Broca's area for the formation of the speech located in the left frontal lobe
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Michael Gazzaniga
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Researcherwho works with the split-brain patients to better understand Brain Lateralization (fact that each hemisphere has unique functions)
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Roger Sperry
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Pioneer in Split-Brain surger
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Carl Wernicke
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Identified Wernicke's Areawhich controls our ability to comprehend speech
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Noam Chomsky
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- Believed we are born with the language device - Also though we share a \"universal grammar\" - Believes in Critical Period Theory... If we do not learn language within a certain window of time.. usually by onset of puberty.. may never fully master language
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
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- Study memory and forgetting by using strings of nonsense syllables and testing himself - Ebbinghaus Retention Curve- The more one studies something the first day, the less time to relearn the following days - Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve- Forgetting happens quickly at first then slows and levels off
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Wolfgang Kohler
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- Demonstrated animals experience insight just like humans - Chimps figured out how to use a stick to reach fruit they wanted
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Elizabeth Loftus
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- False memory research - Famous car study - Famous lost at the mall study - Helped shape our understanding of flaws of eye witness testimony because of the MISINFORMATION EFFECT
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George Miller
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- Capacity of short-term/working memory is approximately 5-9 chunks of info \" Magic number 7 + OR -- 2 \"
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Solomon Asch
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- Studied conformity - Famous Line Study
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Leon Festinger
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Propossed the theory of cognitive dissonance
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Stanely Milgrim
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- Famous Blind Obedience to Authority using shocks - 66% tested were wiling to give the highest shock - Considered unethical today - Wanted to try to understand why people would obey orders of evil leaders like Hitler
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Phillip Zimbardo
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- Stanford Prison Experiment - Interested in studying how quickly people will adopt behaviors of an assigned role - Stated the power of the situation can lead good people to do evil things - Stated the power of the situation may also lead some to become heroes
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Abraham Maslow
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- Created Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs... illustrates our priority in having certain needs met on the way to realizing our full potential - Called reaching our full potential- Self Actualization - Humanist
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Carl Rogers
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- Humanist - Interested in how we reach our full potential... persoanl growth - Said we all need to recieve Unconditional Positive Regard... people we love to accept us for who we are... the good and the bad
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Alfred Adler
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- Neo-freudian - Credited with the concept of Inferiority Complex
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Karen Horney
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- Spoke out against Frued's portrayal of women as week and envious of men - Neo-freudian
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Carl Jung
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- Neo-freudian - Collective unconscious- we have a sharaed, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our special history - Archetypes- Models of people or personalities
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Hans Eyesenk
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- Uses introversion-extroversion and stabiity-instability as two factors in decribing differences in peoples personality
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Albert Bandura
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- Social Cognitive Perspective - Empasizes interaction of personality traits with our situations - Believes we learn many of our behaviors - Reciprocal Determinism
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Structuralism
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Key descriptions - first approach - focus on identifying basic elements of consciousness - used introspection Key people - Wundt
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Functionalism
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Key descriptions - focused on function/purpose of behaviors - how mental operations help us adapt to our environment Key people - William James
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Gestalt
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- focused on perception... how we experience the world
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Biological Perspective
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- Emphasizes biological explanations of behavior - NEUROSCIENCE APPROACH
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Evolutionary
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- Darwinian Perspective - Examines how thought process and behaviors help ensure our survival as a species
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Psychoanalytical (psychodynamic)
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Key description - explains behavior in terms of unconscious conflicts, impuses, desires that drives behavior - uses tools like dream analysis, free-association, hypnosis to tap into our unconscious thoughts and feelings Key people - Sigmund Freud
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Behaviorism
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Key description - almost all behavior is learned - emphasizes learned behavior as result of our environment - emphasizes behavior learned through positive and negative reinforcement and punishment - Believes free will is not really factor in our behavior Key people - John B. Watson - B.F Skinner - Ivan Pavlov
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Cognitive
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Key description - Examines how we interpret our environment as well as how we process information and remember events/info Key people - Ebbingaus
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Humanism
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Key description - Emphasis is on people & social development of an individual - Stesses free will and choices - Interested in understanding how we each reach our full potential Key people - Carl Rogers - A. Maslow
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Social- Cultural
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- Examine how thoughts and behaviors vary in different cultures - Examines how cutral, ethnic, religious, etc. impact how we think and behave
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Psychmetrics
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study of measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
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Developmental Psych
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study of physical, cognitive, and social change through the ife span
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Educational Psych
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study how psychological processes affect anf enhance teaching and learning
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Personality
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Study of individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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Neuropychology
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study of relationship between brain, nervous system, an behavior
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Social Psych
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study how we think about, influence. and relate to each other
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Experimental Psych
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conduct research in multiple areas to add new knowledge to the field of psychology
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Clinical Psych
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studies, assess, and treats people with psychological disorders
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Counseling Psych
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assists people with problem in day to day living and achieving better well being
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Industrial-Organizational
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use psych concepts and methods in the workplace to help companies/organizations select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, cope with issues related to their jobs
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Human-Factors
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branch of industrial-org.... study how people and machines interact and design of safe and easily used machines and environments
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Community Psychology
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may work ina mental health or social welfare agency perated by the government or by a private agency. may help design, run, evaluate a mental health clinic
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Applied Psych
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psychoogists who use psychological principles to help people directly
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Research Psych
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conduct research, but do not work directly to treat patients
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Empiricism
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gathering and analyzing observed scientific evidence to support a hypothesis/theory
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Psychologists vs Psychiatrist
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psychiatrists are mental health professionals with a medical degree and the ability to prescribe medication for treatment
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Nature vs Nurture
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ongoing debate over which is more responsible for mental processes and behavior... genetics(nature) or environment(nurture)... how much is innate and how much is learned
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Case Study
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investigate behavior & mental process of specific person/situation provides detailed, descriptive data and analysis
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Survey
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Obtain large samples of abilities, beliefs, behhaviors Easy to administer, score, give statistical analysis
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Naturalistic Observation
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Careful observation of humans/animals in real-life situations Provides descriptive data about behavior with wide applicability Problem... loss of experimental condition
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Experiment
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Only method that can establish a cause and effect relationship between variables Must have IV and a DV to be experiment Compares control condition and experimental condition
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Correlation Study
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Can establish a relatioship between 2 variables But.. correlation does not mean causation
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Correlational Coefficient
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Statistical index indicates the strngth of relationship... the closer to 1 the stronger the relationship... doesnt matter if it is negative or postive
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Scatterplots
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are often used to illustrates correlational relationships
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Positive Correlation
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2 variables change in same direction
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Negative Correlation
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2 variables change in opposite/different directins
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Random Sample
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All members of population to be studied has equal chance to be chosen for sample.. best way to try eliminate bias
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The Larger The Random Sample
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the better the chance to get a true representation of entire population
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Random Assignment
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best method for assigning members to control group and experimental group. all members of the sample must have an equal opportunity of being placed in the experimental group
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Independent Variable
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manipulated/change by the researcher
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Dependent Variable
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monitored for change as result of independent variable
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Cofounding/ Extraneous Variable
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variable other than IV that could possible affect the DV
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Single-Blind Study
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subjects are unaware who is a part of experimental and control conditions
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Double-Blind Study
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subjects & researchers do not know who is in experimental group & control group until after the experiment ends
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Placebo Effect
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response to believe that IV will have an effect rather than the actual effect
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Experimental Group
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recieve/participate the critical part of the experiment
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Control Group
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do not recieve/participate the critical part of experiment
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Operational Definition
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DV is defined in a way that specifically outlines what & how it will measured
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Hindsight Bias
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\" I KNEW IT ALL ALONG PHENOMENON\"... finding out something that has happened makes it seem inevitable
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Overconfidence
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we tend to overestimate our knowledge or ability to control a situation
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Statistical Oulier
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data piont that is far from other results
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Replication
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repetition on of methods used in a previous experiment to see if same methods will yield same results
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Reliability
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consistency with which results can be repeated
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Validity
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extent to which instrument measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure/predict
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American Psychological Association (APA)
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key principles - Do no harm - Participation is voluntary - Participation must be debriefed... given details - Anonymity of subject protected - All studies... including animal studies must have a clear scientific purpose
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Mean
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mathematical average... most influenced by statistical outlier
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Median
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middle number... better measure for comparison than mean if you have an outlier
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Mode
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Most frequently occurring number/can have more than 1 mode /can have no mode
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Range
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difference between lowest number and highest number in set
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Standard Deviation
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how much scores vary around the mean of the data set.... tells how alike or different our scores are from the average
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Z-Score
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number of Standard Deviation away from the mean that a score lies
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Normal Curve
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ball shaped curve that represents data about how loss of human characteristics are dispersed in population
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P-score of p < 0.05
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is statistically significant... this means there is a greater than 50% chance that you results were not the result of chance
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P-score of > 0.05
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means there is more than 50% chance that your results were simply the results of chance
