Chapter 7 Study Guide- Cells
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active transport
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movement of materials against a concentration difference without energy
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cell
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basic unit of life
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cell membrane
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controls what goes in and out of the cell and protects/supports it; located around the cell
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cell theory
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states that all living things are composed of cells; cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things; new cells produce from existing cells
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cell wall
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provides protection and support; surrounds plant cell membrane
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chloroplast
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capture sunlight and converts it into food/energy for the cell to use; scattered freely in cytoplasm of a plant cell
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cytoplasm
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fluid portion outside the nucleus
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diffusion
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process by which particles move from an area of lower concentration
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endoplasmic reticulum
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suggests the complexity of the cell and lipid components are assembled with proteins and other materials; located near the outer membrane
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eukaryote
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has DNA in nuclei and are larger and more complex; high specialized; examples: plants, fungi, animals
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facilitated diffusion
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molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane, but pass through special protein channels
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golgi apparatus
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modifies, sorts, and packs proteins in and out of the cell; located near the endoplasmic reticulum
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homeostasis
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unicellular organisms achieve this with relatively internal physical and chemical conditions
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hypertonic
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when comparing 2 solutions, the one with the greater concentration of solutes
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hypotonic
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when comparing 2 solutions, the one with the lesser concentration of solutes
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isotonic
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when the concentration of 2 solutions is the same
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lipid bilayer
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gives the cell membrane flexible structure to form a barrier between the cell and its surroundings
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lysosome
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filled with enzymes; takes wastes from cell and breaks it down; located in cytoplasm
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mitochondria
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converts chemical energy stored in food to compounds for the cell to use
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nucleus
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contains DNA and is the control center
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organ
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to perform complicated tasks, many groups of tissues work together
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organ system
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groups of organs that work together to perform a specific fucntion
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organelle
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specialized organ
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osmosis
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diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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passive transport
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regulates the movement of molecules from one side of the membrane to the other side with energy.
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prokaryote
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no DNA in nuclei; example: bacteria
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receptor
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used to respond to chemical signals; signals molecular binds; located on the cell membrane
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ribosome
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produce proteins that have coded instructions from DNA; found throughout cytoplasm
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selectively permeable
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some substances pass across
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tissue
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group of similar cells that perform a particular function
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vacuole
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stores materials; surrounds nucleus
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vesicle
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store and move materials between vacuoles; located near the golgi apparatus
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What are the 3 statements that make up the cell theory?
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1. all living things are made of cells 2. cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things 3. new cells produce from existing cells
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What scientists contributed to the formation of the cell theory? What was the contribution of each?
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Matthias Schleiden: concluded that all plants are made of cells Theodor Schwann: stated that animals are made of cells Rudolf Virchow: concluded that cells come from the division of existing cells
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Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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prokaryotes: no DNA in nuclei; smaller and simpler; still grow, reproduce, respond, etc. eukaryotes: has DNA in nuclei; larger and more complex; contains structures that are highly specialized
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Identify ways that plant and animal cells are different.
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Plants have cholroplasts, cell wall, leucoplasts. Animals have chromatin, nuclear gap, cytoplasm, centriole.
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Describe the process of diffusion, including an explanation of equilibrium.
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Diffusion is the intermingling of substances by natural movement of their particles. Equilibrium is the state in which a process and its reverse are occurring at equal rates so that no overall change is taking place
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What is the difference between passive transport and active transport? Give examples of each.
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Passive transport regulates the movement of molecules from one side of the membrane to the other side- energy required; examples: diffusion, osmosis. Active transport is movement of material against a concentration difference- no energy required; examples: endocytosis, exocytosis
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What would happen to a sample of your red blood cells if they were placed in a hypotonic solution? Explain.
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Water would go through the cell and it would collapse. Hypotonic solutions cause cells to swell and burst when filled with water because of the solution's concentration of dissolved substances which is lower than solution outside of the cell.
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Explain how cell, organ, tissue, and organ system are related.
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Cells are the basic structural units of any multicellular organism. A group of one type of cells together form tissue. Groups of tissues together in one organized structure that serves purposes to organs. A group of organs that serve similar functions make up an organ system. Cells> tissues> organs> organ systems
