question

The controversy over the relative contributions of genes and experience on psychological traits is known as the

answer

Nature vs. Nurture

question

The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology later wrote an influential book The Animal Mind. Her name was

answer

Margaret Floy Washburn

question

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activities such as perception, memory, and language is called

answer

Cognitive Neuroscience

question

Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between

answer

Thought processes and brain functions

question

Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding

answer

Nature vs. Nature

question

Who was the American philosopher-psychologist who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?

answer

William James

question

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as

answer

Behaviorism

question

Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the

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Adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions

question

From the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of

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Observable behavior

question

Which psychological perspective is most likely to examine how group membership influences individual attitudes and behaviors?

answer

Neuroscience

question

Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n) ________ psychologist.

answer

Developmental

question

To balance historic psychology's focus on human problems and negative emotions, Martin Seligman called for the development of

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Positive Psychology

question

Which branch of psychology is most likely to study how social institutions affect the well-being of individuals and groups?

answer

Community Psychology

question

Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying cause-effect relationships?

answer

The experiment

question

Replication of a research study is most likely to be facilitated by

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Operational definitions

question

Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors

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Vary together

question

University of Texas students were fitted with belt-worn tape recorders for up to four days so that researchers could sample their daily activities. The researchers employed a scientific method known as

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Naturalistic observation

question

When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be generalized to all people, you are applying

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Critical thinking

question

Surveys indicate that people are less likely to support "welfare" than "aid to the needy." These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of

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Wording effects

question

Formulating testable hypotheses before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as

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Hindsight bias

question

Which research method provides the best way of assessing whether cigarette smoking boosts mental alertness?

answer

The experiment

question

Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are

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Curiosity, skepticism, and humility

question

Approximately 95 percent of the cases represented by the normal curve fall within ________ standard deviation(s) from the mean.

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2

question

The average price for different brands of toothpaste could be visually displayed in a

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Bar graph

question

Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for

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Discerning human similarities and differences

question

If psychologists discovered that poor people are more satisfied with their marriages than wealthy people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are

answer

Positively correlated

question

Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in

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Naturalistic observation

question

A focus on the links between brain activity and behavior is most characteristic of psychologists who work from a ________ perspective.

answer

Biological

question

Which part of your brain receives information that you are moving your legs?

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Sensory cortex

question

Dendrites are branching extensions of

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Neurons

question

The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n)

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Myelin sheath

question

The cerebral cortex is the covering layer of the

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Cerebrum

question

After Kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely to have difficulty

answer

Playing his guitar

question

By restraining the use of his left hand, doctors helped Bruce to use and improve the coordination skills of his right hand. The doctors employed a technique known as

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Constraint-induced therapy

question

Using a brain-computer interface, some paralyzed people may be able to move a robotic limb simply by thinking about moving it. This best illustrates

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Cognitive neural prosthetics

question

José has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of

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Endorphins

question

With regard to the process of neural transmission, a refractory period refers to a time interval in which

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Positively charged ions are pumped back outside a neural membrane

question

The reticular formation is located in the

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Brainstem

question

To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat's

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Amygdala

question

The person most likely to suggest that the shape of a person's skull indicates the extent to which that individual is argumentative and aggressive would be a

answer

Phrenologist

question

You come home one night to find a burglar in your house. Your heart starts racing and you begin to perspire. These physical reactions are triggered by the

answer

Sympathetic nervous system

question

Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.

answer

Pychoactive

question

Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time.

answer

Increase, decrease

question

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every

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90 minutes

question

Physical pain and intense cravings indicate

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Physical dependence

question

A periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness that involves distinct stages is known as

answer

Sleep

question

Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia?

answer

Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime

question

A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it is known as

answer

Blindsight

question

Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through

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REM sleep

question

Professor Smith emphasizes that gender similarities and differences are products of a continuous interplay among genetically predisposed traits, culturally shaped roles, and personally constructed expectations and assumptions. The professor's emphasis best illustrates

answer

A biopsychosocial approach

question

Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to predict that

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Children are more likely to be valued by their biological fathers than by their stepfathers

question

Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of

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Natural selection

question

DNA is a complex

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Molecule

question

Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to emphasize that human adaptiveness to a variety of different environments has contributed to human

answer

Reproductive success

question

Migdalia insists on wearing very feminine-looking outfits because she wants to be treated like a woman. This best illustrates the impact of

answer

Gender typing

question

One form of a gene that regulates the neurotransmitter serotonin contributes to the development of

answer

A fearful temperament

question

Since 1960, Americans have experienced a(n)

answer

Increase in the incidence of depression and an increase in work hours

question

Behaviors expected of those who occupy a particular social position define a

answer

Role

question

Men in their ________ are most likely to be sexually attracted to women who are several years older rather than several years younger than themselves.

answer

Teens

question

Assessing possible links between specific chromosome segments and alcohol dependence would be of greatest interest to a(n)

answer

Molecular geneticist

question

A willingness to switch jobs and move from one part of the country to another best illustrates one of the consequences of

answer

Individualism

question

Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that

answer

Person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences between groups

question

Marlys is a sensitive, responsive parent who consistently satisfies the needs of Sara, her infant daughter. According to Erikson, Sara is likely to

answer

Form a lifelong attitude of trust toward the world

question

Piaget emphasized how the child's mind grows through interaction with the physical environment. Vygotsky emphasized how the child's mind grows through

answer

Social mentoring

question

During the last few years, 75-year-old Mrs. Yamaguchi has gradually become so mentally disoriented that she can't find her way around her own house and often fails to recognize her husband. It is most likely that Mrs. Yamaguchi is suffering the effects of

answer

Alzheimer's disease

question

The fact that many happy and well-adjusted adults were once rebellious and unhappy as adolescents is most relevant to the issue of

answer

Stability and change

question

The best predictor of a couple's marital satisfaction is the

answer

Ratio of positive to negative interactions with each other

question

Carol is distressed because post-childbirth complications prevented her from being in close physical contact with her child during its first few hours of life. Carol should be told that

answer

Human infants do not have well-defined critical periods for the formation of a mother-infant attachment

question

In teen calls to hotline counseling services, the most discussed topic is

answer

Peer relationships

question

When asked to recall the one or two most important events over the last half century, older adults tend to name events that occurred when they were between ________ years of age.

answer

10 and 30

question

Research on older people has shown that

answer

They become increasingly prone to car accidents

question

According to Erikson, achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the

answer

Adolescent

question

Puberty is most closely related to the onset of

answer

Menarche

question

During the time following the death of a loved one

answer

Those who express the strongest grief immediately do not purge their grief more quickly

question

In one 15-year period, more Americans died on the two days after Christmas than on the two days before Christmas. It has been suggested that this illustrates

answer

A death-deferral phenomenon

question

Cognition refers to

answer

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

question

According to Piaget, imagining an action and mentally reversing it would be an example of a

answer

Mental operation

question

Infants accustomed to a puppet jumping three times on stage show surprise if the puppet jumps only twice. This suggests that Piaget

answer

Underestimated the cognitive capacities of infants

question

Providing children with a safe haven in times of stress contributes most directly to

answer

Secure attachment

question

Researchers have discovered that the midlife transition between early and middle adulthood is characterized by unusually high levels of

answer

None of these feelings or events

question

According to Erikson, trust is to infancy as identity is to

answer

Adolescence

question

Research indicates that the high school girls who have the most affectionate relationships with their mothers also tend to

answer

Have the most intimate relationships with girlfriends

question

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to

answer

The difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view

question

When adults of varying ages were tested for their memory of a recently learned list of 24 words, the older adults demonstrated

answer

A decline in recall but not in recognition

question

When put in a foul-smelling rather than a pleasant-smelling room, people expressed harsher judgments of immoral acts such as lying. This best illustrates the importance of

answer

Embodied cognition

question

According to place theory, the perception of

answer

High-pitched sounds is associated with large vibrations of the basilar membrane closest to the oval window

question

A subliminal message is one that is presented

answer

Below one's absolute threshold for awareness

question

Our sense of taste was once thought to involve only the following four sensations

answer

Bitter, sweet, sour, salty

question

Psychologists are currently debating whether our physical capacity for mentally simulating the observed behavior of others is due to specialized

answer

Mirror neurons

question

Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure.

answer

Operant conditioning

question

An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of

answer

Classical conditioning

question

Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of

answer

Instinctive drift

question

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates

answer

Generalization

question

An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.

answer

Fixed-interval

question

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of

answer

Punishment

question

Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.

answer

Negative

question

Psychologists define learning as the process of

answer

Acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors

question

Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.

answer

CS; US

question

Asking women for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

answer

Variable-ratio

question

A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of

answer

Continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement

question

A learned association between two stimuli is central to

answer

Classical conditioning

question

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of

answer

Generalization

question

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called

answer

Spontaneous recovery

question

Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called

answer

Discrimination

question

People should avoid back-to-back study times for learning Spanish and French vocabulary in order to minimize

answer

Interference

question

An iconic memory is a ________ memory.

answer

Sensory

question

The use of mnemonics such as the peg-word system illustrates

answer

Effortful processing

question

Stress hormones provoke the ________ to initiate a memory trace in the frontal lobes and basal ganglia.

answer

Amygdala

question

Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new password. This illustrates

answer

Retroactive interference

question

Removing a rat's hippocampus 48 hours after it learns the location of some tasty food does not prevent it from forming a long-term memory of where the food is located. This best illustrates the importance of

answer

Memory consolidation

question

Memories are primed by

answer

Retrieval cues

question

Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.

answer

Retention; acquisition

question

A lack of conscious memories of your first three years of life best illustrates

answer

Infantile amnesia

question

Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory.

answer

Flashbulb

question

Encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness is called

answer

Effortful processing

question

Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to

answer

Encoding failure

question

By consciously rehearsing facts you need to learn in many separate study sessions occurring throughout the semester, you are most clearly taking advantage of

answer

The spacing effect

question

Which measure of memory is used on a test that requires matching glossary terms with their correct definitions?

answer

Recognition

question

Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of

answer

The availability heuristic

question

To combine words into grammatically sensible sentences, we need to apply proper rules of

answer

Syntax

question

The word "cats" contains ________ phoneme(s) and ________ morpheme(s).

answer

4; 2

question

The overconfidence phenomenon refers to the tendency to

answer

Underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are inaccurate

question

An impairment of language is known as

answer

Aphasia

question

Wernicke's area is typically located in the left ________ lobe.

answer

Temporal

question

Noam Chomsky suggested that all human languages share a(n)

answer

Universal grammar

question

After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates

answer

Insight

question

A test of your capacity to learn to be an automobile mechanic would be considered a(n) ________ test.

answer

Aptitude

question

Brain scans indicate that smart people

answer

Require less energy to solve problems than the average person

question

For the original version of the Stanford-Binet, IQ was defined as

answer

Mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100

question

Girls are most likely to outperform boys in a

answer

Grammar test

question

Howard Gardner identified a total of ________ intelligences.

answer

8

question

The same people are tested and retested over a period of years in a(n)

answer

Longitudinal study

question

The distribution of intelligence test scores in the general population forms a bell-shaped pattern. This pattern is called a

answer

Normal curve

question

Spearman's g factor refers to

answer

A general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks

question

Five-year-old Benjy has an IQ of 120 on the original version of the Stanford-Binet. His mental age is

answer

6

question

The ability to delay immediate pleasures in pursuit of long-range rewards is most clearly a characteristic of

answer

Emotional intelligence

question

Binet and Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to

answer

Identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes

question

According to the ________, you would be able to experience emotion even without sympathetic nervous system arousal.

answer

Cannon-Bard theory

question

According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.

answer

cognitive label; physical arousal

question

Research on the accuracy of lie detector tests suggests that they

answer

Are more likely to declare the innocent guilty than to declare the guilty innocent

question

A deep neural center activated when people smell some disgusting food or when they feel moral disgust in response to a perceived injustice is called the

answer

Insula

question

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear or happiness is called

answer

The facial feedback effect

question

A polygraph examination of a suspected murderer included an assessment of his reaction to a detailed description of the victim's clothing and death wounds—details that would be known only to a person at the scene of the crime. The investigators were using the

answer

Guilty knowledge test

question

A loss of perceived control tends to result in

answer

Reduced immune responses

question

Friedman and Rosenman referred to competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and easily angered individuals as ________ personalities.

answer

Type A

question

The adaptation-level phenomenon refers to the

answer

Tendency for standards of judgement to be heavily influenced by previous experiences

question

Two-thirds of Americans responding to surveys taken in the three weeks after the 9/11 terrorist attacks reported

answer

Sleeping difficulties

question

Depression increases the risk of death, especially death from

answer

Coronary Heart Disease

question

Social support helps to promote cardiovascular health by

answer

Lowering blood pressure

question

No matter how long and hard Lerae studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a

answer

Strong superego

question

The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is

answer

Rationalization

question

If we are nervous about our personal appearance after adopting a new hairstyle, we are likely to ________ the extent to which others notice our nervousness and we are likely to ________ the extent to which they notice our new hairstyle.

answer

Overestimate; overestimate

question

Projective tests are most closely associated with ________ theories.

answer

Psychodynamic

question

Unlike country, pop, and religious music lovers, those who prefer classical, jazz, blues, and folk music tend to score high on the Big Five trait dimension known as

answer

Openness

question

A person whose self-esteem is momentarily threatened is especially likely to

answer

Criticize others

question

After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates

answer

Learned helplessness

question

According to Freud, an adult who exhibits biting sarcasm and an exaggerated denial of his or her dependence on others shows signs of a(n)

answer

Fixation

question

Dr. Zytowics wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression, social withdrawal, and other symptoms of an emotional disorder. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for this purpose?

answer

MMPI

question

Factor analysis has been used to identify the most basic

answer

Personality traits

question

Those with an internal locus of control act ________ independently and feel ________ depressed than those with an external locus of control.

answer

more; less

question

Maslow's description of self-actualized individuals was said to reflect his own personal values because he

answer

Selectively studied people with qualities he admired

question

A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as

answer

Free association

question

The ability to delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards illustrates

answer

Self-control

question

The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it is NOT

answer

Unlearned instinct

question

Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious. This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by

answer

Reinforcement

question

In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves

answer

Role playing aggression

question

Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to

answer

Deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving the wrong answers

question

Svetlana, a 20-year-old undergraduate, is beautiful. Research suggests that she is likely to ________ than less attractive women.

answer

Be perceived as more socially skilled

question

Vanna is tempted to shoplift a gold necklace even though she has negative feelings about shoplifting. Vanna is LEAST likely to steal the merchandise if

answer

She easily recalls her negative feelings about shoplifting

question

Which of the following is true of non-Western cultures, as compared with Western cultures? They have

answer

Lower divorce rates and consider passionate love as less important for marriage

question

Jason was fouled by an unfamiliar opponent during a basketball game at a neighborhood park. His consumption of alcohol prior to the game is most likely to lead him to interpret the foul as

answer

A provocation

question

Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines

answer

Even when the group judgement was clearly incorrect

question

Three keys to an enduring compassionate love include

answer

Equity, self-disclosure, and positive support

question

Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about influence, and relate to one another?

answer

Social psychology

question

At a conscious level, Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels uncomfortable in situations where he has to interact with people of different races from his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the distinction between

answer

Explicit and implicit attitudes

question

Two classmates ask you to spend a couple of hours helping them prepare for a chemistry test. According to social exchange theory, you would be most likely to help them if

answer

You know you would feel terribly guilty for refusing their request

question

In 1942, German reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when

answer

They perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures

question

Deindividuation refers to

answer

A loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that fosters arousal and anonymity

question

When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in

answer

The bystander effect

question

According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from

answer

Frustration

question

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others.

answer

Situational influences; personal dispositions

question

A person attacked by a fierce dog develops a fear of all dogs. This best illustrates

answer

Stimulus generalization

question

Anxiety is considered disordered if it is

answer

Persistent and distressing

question

Alexis is socially withdrawn and has few close friends. This behavior is most likely to be diagnosed as a symptom of psychological disorder if it is

answer

Preventing her from functioning effectively

question

Twenty-two-year-old Tawana is slightly overweight and loves to eat, particularly snack foods and rich desserts. Fearful of becoming overweight, she frequently takes a laxative following episodes of binge eating. Tawana most clearly suffers from

answer

Bulimia nervosa

question

Some psychological disorders occur primarily in one culture. However, ________ occurs worldwide.

answer

Schizophrenia

question

Kaylee is so afraid of spiders and insects that she avoids most outdoor activities and even refuses to go to the basement of her own house alone. Kaylee appears to suffer from

answer

Phobia

question

Antisocial personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by

answer

A lack of guilt feelings

question

Danes born in densely populated areas have been found to be at increased risk for

answer

Schizophrenia

question

Melissa is fearful of men and refuses to go out on dates. Her therapist suggests that she is fearful because she was sexually abused by her father when she was young. The therapist's suggestion most clearly reflects a ________ perspective.

answer

Learning

question

Ongoing patterns of behavior that are different from those of most other people in your culture are best characterized as

answer

Deviant

question

It has been suggested that compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contributed to the survival of the human species. This idea best illustrates the ________ perspective.

answer

Biological

question

Rats that received unpredictable electric shocks in a laboratory experiment subsequently became apprehensive when returned to that same laboratory setting. This best illustrates that anxiety disorders may result from

answer

Classical conditioning

question

Among schizophrenia patients, the fluid-filled areas of the brain are

answer

Abnormally large and the thalamus is abnormally small

question

Some people are more vulnerable to PTSD because they have a sensitive ________, which floods the body with stress hormones.

answer

Limbic system

question

In which type of disorder is a person's speech likely to be so full of unrelated words and phrases that it could be characterized as a "word salad"?

answer

Schizophrenia

question

Researchers have found that matching Asian-American clients with counselors who share their cultural values facilitates

answer

The therapeutic alliance

question

Psychoanalytic techniques are designed primarily to help patients

answer

Become aware of their repressed conflicts and impulses

question

Principles derived from psychologists' understanding of classical conditioning have most directly influenced the development of

answer

Psychodynamic theories

question

Dr. Jackson reinforces depressed patients for their participation in pleasant activities and trains them to take increasingly more credit for the rewards they gain from engaging in those activities. Dr. Jackson's treatment approach best illustrates

answer

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Intro to Psych Final

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