TOK | Theory of Knowledge Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Knowledge claim
answer
In TOK there are two types of knowledge claims. Claims that are made within particular areas of knowledge or by individual knowers about the world. It is the job of TOK to examine the basis for these first-order claims.
question
Knowledge Question
answer
TOK is primarily concerned with knowledge questions. This phrase is used often in describing what is seen in a good TOK presentation or a good TOK essay. An essay or presentation that does not identify and treat a knowledge question has missed the point. It also occurs in the assessment descriptors that examiners use to mark the essay and that the teacher uses to mark the presentation. To put it briefly, the whole point of the presentation and essay tasks is to deal with knowledge questions.
question
Knowledge Framework
answer
One effective way to examine the AOKs is through a knowledge framework. A knowledge framework is a way of unpacking the AOKs and provides a vocabulary for comparing AOKs.
question
Vertical Integration
answer
Comparing different subjects to eachother.
question
Horizontal Integration
answer
The ways concepts are compared within a subject.
question
Perspective
answer
The concept that an object or idea can be viewed or thought of differently.
question
Shared Knowledge
answer
Shared knowledge is highly structured, is systematic in its nature and the product of more than one individual. Much of it is bound together into more or less distinct areas of knowledge such as the familiar groups of subjects studied in the Diploma Programme. While individuals contribute to it, shared knowledge does not depend only upon the contributions of a particular individual—there are possibilities for others to check and amend individual contributions and add to the body of knowledge that already exists.
question
Personal knowledge
answer
Personal knowledge, on the other hand, depends crucially on the experiences of a particular individual. It is gained through experience, practice and personal involvement and is intimately bound up with the particular local circumstances of the individual such as biography, interests, values, and so on. It contributes to, and is in turn influenced by, an individual's personal perspective.
question
Cultural Influence
answer
Cultural influences means historical, geographical, and familial factors that affect assessment and intervention processes.
question
Identity Influence
answer
stems from the personal trust and respect members have for the leader
question
Paradigm Shift
answer
A term coined by Thomas Kuhn in 1962 for describing monumental changes in the meanings of terms and concepts that would shake up the status quo.
question
Foolish Gullibility
answer
Believing anything
question
Knee-Jerk Rejection
answer
ready to reject everything
question
Constructive Doubt
answer
seeks answers and explanations, it drives a person forward
question
Coherence Check
answer
A statement is true if it fits with our overall set of beliefs. Limitations- Not sufficient by itself, things may be coherent but not true. A fairy tale may be coherent and not true. - With some ingenuity, any crazy belief can be made to appear coherent. - A set of beliefs may be wrong
question
Correspondence Check
answer
A statement is true only if it corresponds to a fact.Limitations - Requires the existence of all kinds of ghostly facts to which true statements are supposed to correspond.- There is a gap between language used to describe facts and the world.- Truth cannot be determined in isolation
question
Pragmatic Check
answer
A statement is true if it is useful or works in practice. Limitations:- A statement can be useful and not true, and true but not useful- Allows two contradictory beliefs to be true- \"Useful\" and \"works in practice,\" are to vague to give us a workable theory of truth.
question
Passive Process
answer
A slow discontinuing process
question
Active Process
answer
A continuous process
question
Context
answer
Conditions, including facts, social/historical background, time and place, etc., surrounding a given situation
question
Active Selection
answer
adaptive response
question
Influence of expectation
answer
refers to the influence of context or belief that may affect one's interpretation of a situation or even treatment outcome.
question
Confirmation bias
answer
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
question
Attention/Filtering
answer
Brain's filtering of stimuli / attention or focus. Sense Perception related.
question
Allegory of the Cave
answer
Seeing is not always true; Plato uses this to say that we only have a skewed view on the world and do not take into account what we may not know
question
Hindsight Bias
answer
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. \"I knew it all along\"
question
Suggestibility
answer
the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections
question
Consistency Bias
answer
selective recall of past events to fit our current beliefs
question
Influence of Trauma/Emotion
answer
Memory of trauma affects emotion.
question
Availability heuristic
answer
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
question
Collective Memory
answer
the experiences shared and recalled by significant numbers of people. Such memories are revived, preserved, shared, passed on, and recast in many forms, such as stories, holidays, rituals, and monuments.
question
Deductive reasoning
answer
Drawing a conclusion from initial definitions and assumptions by means of logical reasoning. Moves from General to Specific. Top Down.
question
Syllogism
answer
A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.
question
Inductive reasoning
answer
A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. Moves from Specific to General. Bottoms UP.
question
Generalization
answer
A conclusion, drawn from specific information, that is used to make a broad statement about a topic or person.
question
Assumption
answer
A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.
question
Inference
answer
A conclusion one draws based on premises or evidence
question
Fallacy
answer
A mistaken belief based on unsound information
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New