AP Language and Composition: Tropes/Schemes, Classical Argument, Types of Essays
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Regionalism
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A blend of Realism and Romanticism, emphasizing locale (place) and the elements of local color-dress, customs, speech/language and etc.
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Colloquialism
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An informal expression such as \"gonna\"
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Vernacular
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Language of the common man; informal slang that each region uses
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Rhetorical Question
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Figure of speech in the form of a question - \"With all the violence on TV today, is it any wonder kids bring guns to school?\"
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Periodic Sentence
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Sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end - \"In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued.\"
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Personification
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Attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or idea - \"Integrity thumbs its nose at pomposity.\"
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Parallelism
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Similarity of structure in a pair of series of related words, phrases or clauses - \"She went diving, swimming, and snorkeling.\"
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Oxymoron
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Paradoxical juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict one another - \"Bill is a cheerful pessimist.\"
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Metonymy
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Using a single feature to represent the whole - \"Lend me your ears\"
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Metaphor
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Figure of speech that says one thing in order to explain by comparison - \"Debt is a bottomless sea.\"
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Juxtaposition
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Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts
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Inversion
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Inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order) - \"What a beautiful picture it is.\"
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Imperative Sentence
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Sentence used to command, enjoin, implore, or entrent - \"Clear this desk by tomorrow!\"
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Horative Sentence
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Sentence that exhorts, advises, calls to action - \"All of your training and hard work will pay off; you will be great.\"
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Cumulative Sentence
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Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence, and then builds and adds on - \"A breeze blew through the room, blew curtains in at one end and out the other like pale flags, twisting them up toward the frosted wedding cake of the ceiling\"
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Asyndeton
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Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words - \"It was happy, sad, angry, disgusted.\"
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Archaic Diction
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Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words
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Antithesis
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Opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed by parallel construction contrasted with each other - \"Americans in need are not strangers, they are citizens, not problems, but priorities.\"
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Antimetabole
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Repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast - \"You can take the gorilla out of the jungle, but you can't take the jungle out of the gorilla.\"
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Anaphora
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Repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses - \"I will fight for you. I will fight to save Social Security. I will fight to raise the minimum wage.\"
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Allusion
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An indirect reference, often to another text or a historic event
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Alliteration
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Repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words - \"Little lever\"
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Rhetoric
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The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the \"available means of persuasion\"
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Audience
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One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed
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Context
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Words, events or circumstances that help determine meaning
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Purpose
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One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing
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Thesis
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The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer
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Claim
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An assertion, usually supported by evidence
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Assertion
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An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument
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Subject
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In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing
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Speaker
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A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing
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Rhetorical/Aristotelian Triangle
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a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience
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Persona
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The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing
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Ethos
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A greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals
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Logos
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A greek term that means \"word\"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals
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Pathos
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A greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals
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Tone
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The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience
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Assumption
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A belief or statement taken for granted without proof
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Counterargument
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A challenge to a position; an opposing argument
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Concede
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A reluctant acknowledgement or yielding
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Refute
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To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument
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Connotation
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That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the world's literal meaning
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Propagandistic
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A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information
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Polemical
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An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics or religion
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Satiric
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An ironic, sarcastic, or witty compoisition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it
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Arrangement
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Organization of a piece; another element for rhetoric
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Induction
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Reasoning from specific to general
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Exordium
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The introduction-introduces the reader to the subject under discussion (in an essay)
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Narratio
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Narration provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand; established why the subject is a problem that needs addressing (in an essay)
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Confirmatio
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Usually the major part of the text, containing the most specific and concrete detail in the text (in an essay)
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Refutatio
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Addresses the counterargument, and is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion
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Peroration
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Brings the essay to a satisfying close
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Narration
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Refers to telling a story or recounting a series of events, based on personal experience or on knowledge gained form reading or observation
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Description
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Emphasizes the senses by painting a picture of how something looks, sounds, smells, tastes, or feels. Often used to establish a mood or atmosphere
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Process Analysis
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Explains how something works, how to do something, or how something was done
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Exemplification
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Provides, facts, specific cases, or instances and turns a general idea into a concrete one
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Comparison and contrast
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Juxtaposing two things to highlight their similarities and differences
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Classification and Division
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Sort material or ideas into major categories
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Definition
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Defining a term to debate, or clarify terms
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Cause and Effect
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Used in arguments where analyzing the causes that lead to a certain effect or, conversely is a powerful foundation
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Zeugma
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One verb governs several words, or clauses, each in a different sense - \"He stiffened his drink and his spine.\"
