WWII Paper 3 Vocab

- 1933 - Foreign Policy under Pres. Roosevelt - US would have no intervention in foreign affairs in Latin America (non-interference in domestic affairs in Latin America) -He hoped that this policy would create new economic ties so they could influence them.

- An effort to create a cohesive \"hemisphere\" in cooperation first, then can start worrying about cooperating with other \"hemispheres\"

- Was part of a large economic policy promoting government spending to facilitate economic growth. - Bank was created during depression, and was conceived to help resolve problems of high unemployment, low income, low demand for goods and services, and slowed industrial production.

Office for Coordination of Commercial and Cultural Relations between the American Republicans

- US in Latin America -Had to do with the Good Neighbor Policy - Basically the US tried to control all of Latin America (economics, imports, gov.) without trying to look like they were taking over.

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-Born Oct. 24, 1891, Died 1961 (was a Dictator) -Became president of the Dominican Republic in 1930 through political maneuvering and torture. - Continued to rule by force until assassinated. Dictatorship: - During his campaign, he organized a secret police force to torture and murder supporters of the opposing candidate. - Used his power for personal profit. Took total control of all major industries and financial institutions. - In the rural areas, entire peasant communities were uprooted to clear the wat for Trujilo's new sugar plantations.

- Hero in the Cuban War of Independence, later elected president, only to become one of Cuba's most powerful Dictators. - Turned to farming and business to remained active in politics. - Reelected in 1928 he began to rule even more dictatorially. Disorter became widespread and in 1933 US Ambassador Sumner tried to mediate between Machado and opposition forces, but general strike was called, and even the army demanded Machado's ouster. - Was forced into an exile from which he never returned.

- President of Cuba from 1940-1944 - Dictator from 1952- 1959 - Jailed opponents, used terrorist methods and made fortunes for himself and associates

- Dictator and general of Nicaragua (1936-1956) - U.S intervened in Nicaraguan domestic issues in 1909 and stayed until 1925. When the U.S. marines left, liberal factions went to war with the conservatives. - The U.S marines then returned - He stepped down from presidency from 1947-1950 due to U.S pressure, but continued to rule through pupped presidents. - Continued to industrialize Nicaragua. 1954 he survived a coup attempt and then sent forces to Guatemala to help the CIA overthrow the gov. there.

Argentina: Peron and \"Peronism\" - Sometimes seen as Nazi Sympathizers - Large Suppliers of the war - Broke with the Axis power in 1944

- The ship from Cuba that went to Europe to pick up German concentration camp refugees - Once it got to Cuba, Cuba refused to allow all passengers off the boat who didn't already receive visas - Sent the rest of the refugees back to Europe

On January 22, 1944, US President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9417, establishing the War Refugee Board (WRB) as an independent agency, subordinated directly to the President. Roosevelt instructed the WRB to take all measures to rescue victims of enemy oppression in imminent danger of death.

- Depressed economic positions had some countries reluctant to let in the poor refugees escaping unsafe areas. - Countries around Europe had mixed reactions. Some tried to provide safety for Jews (Spain/Sweden). Countries like Denmark and France were greatly pressured into releasing Jews. France eventually gave in.

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-1/3 of Japanese population in the U.S - 1st generation of Japanese immigrants that moved to the U.S. - They are more traditional and believe in arranged marriages, etc. This caused them to be more segregate from the U.S. culture.

- 2/3 of the Japanese population in the U.S - They were naturalized or native-born citizens of the U.S. - They become more segregated from their own culture by defying ti to marry for love.

- Fred Koremarsu was against the Executive Order 9066 - Refused to leave his home - He was convicted, appealed, and in 1944 his case reached the Supreme Court. - 6-3 majority upheld Korematsu's conviction - The court accepted the U.S.'s military argument that some Japanese Americans are still loyal to their own country, and not that of the U.S. - \"All legal restrictions which curtail the civil rights of a single racial group are immediately suspect\".

- Signed Aug. 10 1988 by Reagan - Passed to provide a presidential apology through the use of $20,000,000 to the internees, evacuees, and persons of Japanese ancestry who lost liberty or property because of discriminatory action by the Federal gov. - However, it was very difficult to appropriate these funds approved so he only had $20,000,000, which was only enough to pay 1,000 individuals out of the approximate 120,000 that he owed.

- Rationale was to move them away from sensitive places: bridges, coast, railroads, farms, canals, and bases. -People argue that the Japanese internment was not as bad as Jewish camps. The US had no torture, vivisection, or extermination, just interrogation. Additionally, kin were kept together when put into camps. - Americans justified internment because of Pearl Harbor, Pacific aggression, brutal military tactics, fear of invasion, and the militaristic rise of Japan. -The government was more suspicious of the Issei than the Nissei. -When the Nissei started departing from the camps as allowed, they started to branch out and had a wide opportunity of jobs to choose from. However, whites did avoid them after they found out who they were because they were paranoid that they were terrorists then.

- June 25, 1941 - \"Reaffirming Policy Of Full Participation In The Defense Program By All Persons, Regardless Of Race, Creed, Color, Or National Origin, And Directing Certain Action In Furtherance Of Said Policy\" -Constituted the first major federal government response to the plight of blacks since Reconstruction.

- were an elite group of African-American pilots in the 1940s - \"Tuskegee Airmen\" refers to all who were involved in the Army Air Corps program to train African Americans to fly and maintain combat aircraft. - The Tuskegee Airmen included pilots, navigators, bombardiers, maintenance and support staff, instructors, and all the personnel who kept the planes in the air.

- led 250,000 people in the March on Washington - spoke for the dispossessed (blacks, poor whites, Indians, Mexicans and Puerto Ricans - got labor rights for Blacks - won fight to ban discrimination in armed forces - leader of civil rights revolution

- Took place in Harlem, Manhattan after an African American was hurt from a shot from a white policeman, which happened because he was trying to stop the police officer from hitting an arrested African American woman again. -Blacks rioted and looted many places, causing lots of monetary damage and injuring many.

- Improving race relations because white people were in power and they were the employers and because they were hiring the black people, race relations improved

- 1942 - African American leaders emphasized the need for double victory: German and Japan (international), and over racial prejudice in the U.S (domestic)

- Symbol of independence, strength, and patriotism for women to aid the industry during the war.

- During the war, the women only took part in jobs that resembled their domestic chores. -It was VERY rare that women were put in charge of men in the work place. -After the war, the employers were still cautious of hiring women post-war because they felt that as soon as women got pregnant they would no longer want to work.

- General of the army during WWII. - supported the idea of introducing a women's service branch into the Army. - This lead to the WAAC

- Roosevelt signed bill on May 15, 1942 - Modeled after comparable British units - 150,000 American women eventually served in the WAAC during WWII - They were the first women other than nurses to serve with the Army. -Women from 21-45 could enlist. - Conservative/ public opinion: was initially opposed to women serving in uniform, the shortage of men necessitated a new policy, General Douglas MacArthur called the WACs \"my best soldiers\", adding that they worked harder, complained less, and were better disciplined than men.

- Women were \"mentally liberated\" after the war because they realized that they could do the same things as men and knew they deserved the same wages as men. -WWII: started women liberation - 1972 equality was achieved

-Propaganda about this time with women was very popular. (Rosie the Riveter) - The use of men for fighting opened up some jobs for women that weren't available. - The women's traditional place in Britain was in the home. In WWII, the \"Blitz Spirit\" was a new, popular ideology that made women much stronger and more independent. Returning to the role women traditionally had was difficult.

- Women could temporarily fill in to aid the war efforts, but they were single or married without children. - No expectation to keep job after war. - Common jobs for women: bakers, chefs, etc./ domestic chores.

- The Land Army/ Scottish Army: (1938) Trained women in agriculture for men to leave for war. - Employers saw it as a \"temporary fix\" during wartime. - Women made up 1/3 of the total workforce in metal and chemical industries, and in ship-building and vehicle manufacturing. - Women from all different ages, social and marital

Immediately after: - The majority of women were forced to resign or were fired so that the men could take their jobs back because they were considered the \"rightful owners\" of them. However, some were kept by their employers because they were cheaper than men to higher. - The women that were able to keep their jobs were given lower wages than they were during the war to give them a reason to put this on the backburner and be a mother/ wife first. - It was VERY rare that women were placed in charge of men. *Sex typing. - Employers still cautious of hiring women post-war because they felt that as soon as women got pregnant they would no longer want to work. Decade or so after: - Women were pushing for equal rights as men and created several movements to do so. - They eventually obtained equality in 1972 with the passing of the nineteenth amendment.

- law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans - Benefits included: low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, cash payments of tuition and living expenses to attend college, high school or vocational education, as well as one year of unemployment compensation. - It was available to every veteran who had been on active duty during the war years for at least ninety days and had not been dishonorably discharged; combat was not required. - By 1956, roughly 2.2 million veterans had used the G.I. Bill, and an additional 6.6 million used these benefits

- Operated from June 1942 until September 1945. - Connection between battlefront and civilian communities through: radio broadcasts, newspapers, posters, photographs, films and other forms of media.

- supervised war production during World War II - dissolved after the defeat of Japan in 1945.

-Gov organized a major conservation and recycling effort. -Children and their families were involved with conservation and recycling of goods. It was something that the average citizen could do to support the country at a time of great national need. - Increased morale of citizens.

- were vegetable, fruit and herb gardens planted at private residences and public parks in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Germany during World War I and World War II to reduce the pressure on the public food supply brought on by the war effort. -hese gardens were also considered a civil \"morale booster\" — in that gardeners could feel empowered by their contribution of labor and rewarded by the produce grown. This made victory gardens become a part of daily life on the home front.

- a stamp or card issued by a government to allow the holder to obtain food that are in short supply during wartime. - They were used during the was and after the war ended wile the economies of the belligerents gradually returned to normal.

- He was introduced to the atomic bomb project and was appointed to the \"Top Policy Group\" which would control the project. - His role was to report to the president on the atomic bomb project. -Became one of the key supporters of the atomic bombing of Japan

- \"the use of the weapon against a brutal and ruthless aggression to save 30,000 American lives was as morally justifiable as to use it to save 500,000 lives\"

-Nagasaki -August 9, 1945. -the codename for the type of atomic bomb that was detonated over Nagasaki, Japan. -It was the second of two nuclear weapons to be used in nuclear warfare to date, the first being Little Boy, and its detonation caused the third man-made nuclear explosion.

-Hiroshima -August 6, 1945. -the codename for the type of atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. -It was the first atomic bomb to be used as a weapon. The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history

- Canada put Japanese-Canadians into \"self- supporting\" internment camps where the Japanese would live on their own and work and earn money for themselves.