MTBS – iGCSE Chemistry States of Matter/Diffusion/Separating Paper 1 & 2
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Describe the particles in a solid
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- Strong forces of attraction - Regular arrangement of particles - Fixed position - Vibrate (hotter the solid the more they vibrate) - Fixed volume and shape
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Describe the particles in a liquid
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- weak forces of attraction between partciles - Randomly arranged - Free to move over each other - Fixed volume but can change shape - Higher temperature = paticles flow more freely
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Describe the particles in a gas
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- particles are free to move apart - move in straight lines - Gases fill any container they are in - Higher temperature, faster moving particles = higher pressure
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Changing state - describe melting (opposite of freezing)
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- Solid heated, particles vibrate more - Particles have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between partilces - Solid turns into a liquid
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Changing state - describe boiling (oppoisite of condensing)
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- Liquid heated, particles move more - Particles have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between partilces - Liquid turns into a gas
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What is the difference between boiling and evaporating
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- Boiling requires heating. - Evaporation happens at any temperature. (Puddles evaporate)
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Sublimation
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Solid changes directly into a gas
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What happens if a solid piece of potassium permangenate is placed into a beaker of water
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- Purple colour from the pottasium permangenate spreads ot over time - Potassium permangenate diffuses
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What happens when ammonia and Hydrogen chloride are put in a tube at opposite ends
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-Both gases spread out through the tube (diffusion) -Where they react a white solid Ammonium chloride forms - Ammonia (NH₃) diffuses faster than the Hydrogen chloride (HCl) because it is a smaller molecule. - The white solid appears nearer the Hydrogen Chloride end
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What is the symbol equation for Hydrogen chloride reacting with ammonia
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NH₃(g) + HCl(g) ⇌NH₄Cl(s)
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What happens when Bromine Liquid is put into a tube
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- The orange brown gas spreads out throughout the tube. - The bromine gas diffuses through the tube
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What sort of reaction is Hydrogen chloride reacting with ammonia
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- A neutralisation reaction (It is also reversible)
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How could you separate a solid from a liquid
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Filtration Using filter paper to catch the solid
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How could you separate a soluble salt from water
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crystallisation Heat the solution - increases the concentraiton of the solution Leave to slowly evaporate and crystallise Dry the crystals in air or a warm oven
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What two ways could you use to separate a mixture of two liquids.
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- Chromatography - identifies the substances - Distillation - collects the liquids (fractional distillation for crude oil)
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Describe how you would undertake chromatography
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Draw a pencil line near the bottom (pen would spread) Spot mixture onto line Place into solvent - solvent below the pencil line Cover the container Leave to separate
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Describe how you would undertake distillation
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Heat the solution One of the substances evaporates It cools and condenses and collected
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A - compound B - Element C - Mixture of compound and element D - Mixture of elements
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Element mixture or compound
