Ratification & Federalists 10 & 51

passing something (the Constitution)

said that only 9 out of 13 states would need to ratify the new government to go into effect for the participating states

a party in opposition of the constitution. they were more localized & did not attempt to reach out to other states

a party in support of the constitution. in every state, this group proved more united & they coordinated action between different states

Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island. these states were harder to get the constitution ratified, and lagged behind the other 9 states that had ratified the constitution

political rival with Patrick Henry. in favor of ratification. lead the ratification supporters in the Virginia Ratifying convention. saw direct democracy as a danger, and supported a representative democracy. influenced by Montesqieu & David Hume. wrote Fed No. 51

opposed James Madison in the Virginia Ratifying convention. argued for the addition of a Bill of Rights

disliked by George Clinton. helped write Fed Papers. led the federalist campaign

a prominent Federalist. helped write the Federalist Papers. wrote Fed No. 2

Hamilton, Madison, and Jay under this name wrote a series of commentaries known as the Federalist Papers in support of the new government

2- come from same background..? Jay 10- factions. Madison? 51- appropriate checks and balances can be created in government and also advocates a separation of powers within the national government. \"Ambition must be made to counteract ambition.\" number 51 is the 4th most cited essay. the purpose is to form a more correct judgment of the principles and structure of the government planned by the Constitutional Convention. Madison *these were written to the people in NY

a number of citizens, whether amounting to a minority or majority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. He identifies the most serious source of faction to be the diversity of opinion in political life that leads to dispute over fundamental issues such as what regime or religion should be preferred. However, he thinks \"the most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property. Those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society.\"

Madison saw this as a danger to individual rights

Madison advocated this type of government to protect individual liberty from majority rule or from the effects of such inequality within society

aka representative democracy- protect individual liberty from majority rule, or from the effects of such inequality within society

philosopher of the Scottish Enlightenment, influenced Madison, and his influence is most clear in Madison's discussion of the types of faction and in his argument for an extended republic

influenced Madison

Madison argues against this type of republic. would be easier for the candidates to fool the voters. lower variety of interests and parties, so more frequently a majority is found

Madison argues for this type of republic. more possible to elect competent representatives, and there is a wider option. would be harder to fool the voters. greater variety of interests so its harder to find a majority, and if there was a majority it would be harder for them to work together because of the large number of people and their geographical separation

a system of the government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and states. this is a system based on democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and state governments

first state to ratify with a unanimous vote

written by Madison, argues for the constitution, published under the pseudonym Publius. most famous of all of the Federalist papers, along with Federalist No. 51. addresses how to guard against factions & how to eliminate the negative effects of factions

1. remove the cause of faction (not gonna happen) 2. control the faction's effects (this has to be the solution). Madison believes that the way to counteract these effects of factions is to have numerous factions

1. destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence (would be unwise) 2. giving every citizen the same opinions, passions, and interests (would be impractical) \"Liberty is to faction what air is to fire\" Liberty nourishes factions, so you can't really get rid of it