Mass Media: Chapter 4
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Corantos
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-earliest newspapers -started in 1620 in Europe -one page news sheets -about specific events like 30 years war
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Broadsides
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-single sheet announcements -accounts of events imported from England -first single sheet newspaper printed in America in 1690 -critical of local and European dignitaries -lasted only one day
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The Boston News Letter
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-featured foreign news, reprints of English articles, government announcements, and shipping news -only lasted until Revolution -established newspaper in colonies
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Benjamin Franklin
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-purchased the Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729
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The Pennsylvania Gazette
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-operated independently -criticized British government -developed advertising support -proved financial independence led to editorial independence
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The Penny Press
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-appeared in 1833 -created by Benjamin Day -sold inexpensively because of advertising -featured sensational stories on police, crime, entertainment, and human interest. -made news available to everyone -little coverage on politics and business
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Benjamin Day
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-created penny press -published New York Sun
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James Gordon Bennet
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-published New York Morning Herald
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Horace Greeley
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-published New York Tribute
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The First Wire Services
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-began in 1948 when 6 NY papers pooled efforts to collect news from ships docked in NY harbor
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The New York Associated Press
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-1856 papers established 1st news gathering and distribution organization called...
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Implications of the Wire Services
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-expanded breadth and scope of newspapers -changed nature of reporting -reduced expenses and increased profits
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Yellow Journalism
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-sensational sex, crime, and disaster news -giant headlines -cartoons and color -photographs/ illustrations -often fabricated
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Joseph Pulitzer
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-Hungarian immigrant who purchased the New York World in 1883 -covered social problems in early 20th century -employed yellow journalism
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William Randolph Hearst
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-applied Pulitzer's formula to San Fransisco Examiner in 1895, bought New York Morning Journal to compete with Pulitzer's world -historians believed he organized sinking of Maine to start Spanish- American war so that his papers could cover it and build circulation
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Newspaper Chains
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-ownerships of papers in different cities by single company -response to competition from radio and magazines for advertising dollars -marks emergence of modern newspaper
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Joint Operating Agreements
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-permit a failing paper to merge most of its business aspects with successful competitor -must keep editorial and reporting functions separate -allows diversity of voices to continue
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Hypercommercialism and Newspapers
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-overabundance of advertising in newspapers which is evident by: -sale of space on front pages -removable stickers on front pages -sale of space for personal notices
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Erosion and the Firewall
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-breakdown of barrier between a newspaper's editorial and advertising missions
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Loss of mission
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-critics are saying newspapers are abandoning traditional democratic mission
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Newspapers and the Internet
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-newspapers have lost 50% of employment and auto sales classified ads to the internet only 12% of 10-34 year olds read a printed paper; 79% access newspaper electronically -some online papers provide guides to city events, classified ads, and local news that no other medium can offer
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Soft News
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-sensational stories that do not serve the democratic function of journalism
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Hard News
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-stories that help people make intelligent decisions and/ or keep up with important issues of the day -nonreaders may simply by going online and to TV for news
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Agenda Setting
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-newspapers tell readers what insignificant and meaningful through their placement in and on their pages
