INFO 160 chapter 2
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4 major functions of computer
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input process output storage
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input
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gather/enter data
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process
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manipulates calculates and organizes data
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output
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displays data and info
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storage
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saves data and info
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data
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representation of a fact figure or idea, can be a # word picture or recording
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info
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data that has been organized or presented in a meaningful fashion, such as a contact list
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processing
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manipulating calculating or organizing data
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bit
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binary digit, 0 or 1
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byte
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8 bits
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hardware
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any part of the computer you can touch
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software
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set of computer programs that enables the hardware to preform tasks, application & system
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application software
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set of programs to help you carry out tasks
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system software
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set of programs that enables your computers hardware devices and application software to work together, most common is os.
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operating system
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most common type of system software that is the program that controls how your computer system functions
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two basic designs of computers
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portable and stationary
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portable
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tablet comp, laptop, netbook,ultrabook, tablet PCs
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tablet computers
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portable computer integrated into a flat multitouch-sensitive screen, uses onscreen virtual keyboard, you can also connect separate keyboards
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laptop/notebook
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portable computer that has keyboard, monitor, and other devices integrated into a single compact case
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netbook
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small lightweight laptop 7-10' wide with longer battery than a laptop
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ultrabook
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full-featured but lightweight laptop computer designed to compete with macbook air
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tablet PC (convertible)
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similar to laptop but monitor swivels and folds flat
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desktop
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stationary computer that is intended for use at a single location. Most consisted of a separate tower (system unit( that houses the main components of the computer plus the peripheral devices
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peripheral device
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component that is connected to the computer, monitor or keyboard
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all-in-one comp
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IMAC or HP touchsmart, elminates the need for a separate tower because these comps house the computer processor and memory in the monitor, usually touch screen
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Mainframe
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large expensive comp that supports many users simultaneously, often used in businesses that manage are amounts of data where many ppl are working at the same time. These computers excel at executing many different computer programs at the same time
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supercomputer
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specially designed computer that preforms complex calculations rapidly. used when complex models requiring intensive mathematical calculations are needed. These computers are designed to execute a few programs as quick as possible
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embedded computer
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specially designed computer chip that resides in another device, car or thermostat. These computers are self-contained devices with their own programming so don't need you or other systems
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smartphone
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does more than let you answer phone calls, has productivity (application software), media players, camera features, and web. Also has CPU memory and storage like a laptop
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Input Device
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enters data (text images sounds) and instructions (user responses and commands) into comp
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types of input devices
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keyboards, mouse, microphone, scanner, digital camera, stylus
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keyboards
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input device you use o enter typed data and commands
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mouse
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input device used to enter user responses and commands
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microphone
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input devices that inputs sounds (close talk, omnidirectional, unidirectional, clip-on lavalier)
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scanner/digital camera
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input device that inputs nondigital text and digital images respectively
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stylus
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input device that looks like a skinny pen which you use to tap commands or draw on screen
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types of key boards
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touchscreen, QWERTY, wireless, virtual laser
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touchscreen keyboard
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display screens that respond to commands initiated by touching
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QWERTY keyboard
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most common type, gets it name from the first six letters in the upper left corner.
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Wireless keyboards
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send data using radio frequency wireless technology
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Bluetooth technology
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wireless transmissions standard that connects devices to peripheral devices
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virtual laser keyboard
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project an image of a keyboard and sensors detect the motion of your fingers as you type
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Mice
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optical mouse, wireless mouse, touch/track pad
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optical mouse
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uses internal sensor or laser to detect the mouse's movement and send signals to comp telling where to move pointer on screen
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touch/track pad
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most laptops have these sensitive areas at the base of the keyboards as use for a mouse
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Game controllers
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input devices because they send data to the computer and have buttons and other pointing devices that provide input to the computer
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Output device
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send data out of your computer through text pictures sound or videos
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types of output devices
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monitor, printer, speakers/earphones
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monitor
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most common output devices that displays text, graphics, and video as soft copies (LCD or LED)
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printer
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output device that creates hard copies (tangible) of text ad graphics. Inkjet and Laser
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LCD monitor
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liquid crystal display monitor, most common type. Aka flat-panel monitor. Is light and energy efficient. Made up of pixel, 2 or more sheets of material, liquid crystal solution, crystals either block or let light in to display images.
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LED monitor
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light-emitting diode monitor, newer technology. Is even more energy efficient and might have better color accuracy and thinner panels that other types of monitors.
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CRT monitor
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considered legacy technology, computing devices that use techniques, parts, and methods that are no longer popular.
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OLED monitor
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organic light-emitting diode. Use organic compounds that produce light, do not require back light so they draw less power.
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aspect ration (lcd)
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width to height proportion of monitor
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screen reolution (lcd)
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clearness or sharpness of image
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contrast ratio (lcd)
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measure in difference in light intensity between the brightest white and the darkest black.
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viewing angle (lcd)
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measures how far you can move to the side of the monitor before the image quality degrades to unacceptable levels.
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brightness (lcd)
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measure of greatest amount of light showing when monitor is displaying pure white
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response time (lcd)
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time it takes for a pixel to change color
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Multiformat memory card reader
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convenient for displaying images directly on the monitor or for downloading quickly from camera me card to PC
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built-in USB port
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lets you connect extra peripherals easily without reaching around back of PC
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inkjet printer
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nonimpact, affordable, high-quality color, quick and quiet. sprays tiny drops of ink onto paper, good for black and white texts and color images
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laser printer
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nonimpact, uses laser beams and static electricity to deliver toner onto paper using heat to fuse them together perminately. fast speed, higher quality but are more expensive
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nonimpact printer
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sprays ink or uses laser beams to transfer marks onto paper
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impact printer
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tiny hammer like keys that strike paper through inked ribbon making marks on paper
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wireless printers
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good for printing from portable devices, uses wifi and bluetooth
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all in one printer
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printer, scanner, copier, and fax
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plotter
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print oversize pictures that require precise and continuous lines. computer controlled pen.
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thermal printers
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melting wax-based ink onto paper or burning dots onto specially coated paper.
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motherboard
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main circuit board that contains the central electronic components of the computer including the CPU, its memory, and the many circuit boards that help the computer function.
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expansion (adapter) cards
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circuit boards that provide additional functionality, sound and video cards
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network interface card (NIC)
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enables a computer to connect with other computers or to a cable modem to facilitate high speed internet connection
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RAM - random access memory
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place where programs and data the computer is currently using are stored, faster to read from and write to. erased when computer is turned off making it temporary (volatile) storage
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ROM - read only memory
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stores start up instructions, permanent (nonvolatile) storage- data isn't erased when powered off.
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CPU- central processing unit
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Brains of the computer, controls all functions of the computer's components and processes all commands issued by software. Billions of tasks per second depending on cores.
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Hertz
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measure of machine cycles per second, how CPU is measured.
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Hard disk Drive
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primary device for permanent storage of software and documents
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external hard drive
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outside system, usb or firewire port. have moving parts that often break
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solid-state drive
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more feasible option or storage, no moving parts, no noise, little heat, little power.
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Drive bay
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interal & external (cd drives) where permanent storage devices are located
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cloud storage
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keeps files on internet rather than local device; drop boxes(many ways of access), one drive, iCloud, google drive
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solid-state memory
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storing info on internal mem chip (flash drive)
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flash mem card
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transfer data between devices, kinda like flash drive
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compact discs
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CDs, audio files (optical storage)
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Digital video discs
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DVDs, more data than cds (optical storage)
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Blu-ray Discs
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BDs , as much as 50 GB of data
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thunderbolt ports
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intel, fiber optic technology, transfer speeds up to 10 GB/s
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Unverisal serial bus (USB)
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most commonly used because of ready availability, 4.8 GB/s
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Firewire 800
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apple comp, 800 MB/s , declining in pop
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ethernet port
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conectivity port, transfers data 10000 MB/s used to connect to internet.
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modem
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network/internet
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video port
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HDMI is most popular, allows computer to carry onto cable
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explansion cards
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installed into open slot on motherboard to provide additional ports
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expansion hubs
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a device that connects to one port to provide additional new ports works like a multiple extension cord
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cold boot
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powering on computer from completely turned off state
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sleep mode
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windows 8, all documents applications and data remain in RAM
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hibernate
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simialr to sleep mode except data is stored on hard drive when comp is off. less battery power than sleep
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warm boot
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restarting computer when its on
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ergonomics
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referes to how you set up your computer to minimize risk of injury or discomfort
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guidelines to follow in ergonomics:
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monitor position, adjustable chair, proper position while typing, take breaks, adequate lighting
