Chapters 3-5 Test Questions – Flashcards

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The amount of energy in a sensory stimulus detected 50 percent of the time is called the
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Absolute threshold
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If a person is using a very strict criterion for a signal detection task, the false alarm rate will be ______ , and the miss rate will be
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Low high
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According to webers law, if c=1/50, then the difference threshold for a standard stimulus of 100 units would be____
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2
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Red wavelengths of light are ____, and violet wavelengths of light are_____
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Long short
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The rods in the retina are responsible for _____,vision, and the cones are responsible for ______ vision
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Dim light. Color
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According to the opponent process theory of color vision, if you stared at a blue circle for a while and then looked at a white surface, you would see a circular ____ afterimage
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Yellow
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Transduction of sound waves into neural impulses is performed by the _____
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Hair cells in the basilar membrane
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The best explanation for how we perceive low pitches is the ____ theory, and the best explanation for how we perceive high pitched is the ____ theory
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Frequency. Place
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Perceptual set is a good example of
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Top down processing
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Which of the following is a binocular depth cue
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Retinal disparity
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What is the purpose of transduction
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Translating physical energy into neural signals that the brain can understand
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Damage to the hair cells in the cochlea causes ____ deafness, and ____ occurs when light waves from distant objects come into focus in front of the retina
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Nerve, nearsightedness
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Even though the image of your dog on your retina changes as your dog runs to fetch a stick, you do not perceive your dog as getting smaller. Which process of perception explains this phenomenon
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Perceptual constancy
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Perceiving either a vase or two facial silhouettes looking at each other was used to illustrate the Gestalt principle of ____ ; perceiving two ambiguous characters numerically as 13 or alphabetically as the letter B was used to illustrate ____
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Figure and ground, contextual effects
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Although Henry's watch and was bothering him when he first put it on, a short while later he did not even notice he was wearing it. This illustrates _____
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Sensory adaptation
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In pavlovs classical conditioning research, a tone was used as the ____, and food inserted in the mouth served as the ______
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Cs ucs
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In classical conditioning, the diminishing of the cr following removal of the ucs is called
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Extinction
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In stimulus generalization in classical conditioning, the strength of cr ______, as the similarity of the generalization stimulus to the ____ increases
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Increases, cs
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In reinforcement, the probability of a behavior ______; in punishment the probability of a behavior _______
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Increases decreases
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Negative reinforcement occurs when an ____ stimulus is ______
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Aversive removed
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Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer
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Cheeseburger
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The stimulus in whose presence a response will be reinforced is called the stimulus _____ in operant conditioning
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Discriminative
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Piecework in a factory is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement; a slot machine is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement
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Fixed ratio. Variable ratio
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The brelands difficulties in training animals were the result of _____
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Instinctual drift
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Tolmans research with the rats in mazes indicated the occurrence of
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Latent learning
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Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer
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All of the above
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The _____ effect is a decrease in an intrinsically motivated behavior after the behavior is extrinsically reinforced and the reinforcement discontinued
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Overjustification
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A steep cumulative record in operant conditioning indicates _____, and a flat cumulative record indicates ______.
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Fast rate responding. No responding
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The results of banduras bobo doll studies illustrate _____, and took an and honziks studies of latent learning indicate the importance of _______ in maze learning by rats
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Observational learning, cognitive maps
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Continuing to take Advil because it alleviates headaches is an example of _____, and no longer parking in "no parking" zones because you lost money in fines for doing so is an example of
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Negative reinforcement, negative punishment
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Which of the following types of memory holds sensory input until we can attend to and recognize it
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Sensory memory
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Our short term memory capacity is ______ + or - 2 chunks
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7
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Which of the following types of memory has the shortest duration
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Sensory memory
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Procedural memories are _____ memories and thus are probably processed in the _____
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Implicit. Cerebellum
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Which of the following leads to the best long term memory
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Elaborating rehearsal
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The primacy and recency effects in free recall demonstrate that we have the greatest difficulty recalling the words _____ of a list
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In the middle
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Which of the following is not a mnemonic aid
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Temporal integration procedure
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An essay test measures _____, and a multiple choice test measures
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Recall. Recognition
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Which of the following theories of forgetting argues that the forgotten information was in long term memory but is no longer available
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Storage decay theory
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Piagets false memory of a kidnapping attempt when he was a child was the result of
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Storage misattribution
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After learning the phone number for five star pizza, bob cannot remember the phone number he learned last week for the donut connection. After living in Los Angeles for three years, Jim is unable to remember his way around his hometown in which he had lived the previous 10 years prior to moving to Los Angeles. Bob is experiencing the effects of _____ interference, and Jim is experiencing the effects of ______ interference.
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Retroactive retroactive
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Per the levels of processing theory, which of the following questions about the word "depressed" would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word in this practice test question today
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How well does this word describe you?
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The forgetting curve for long term memory in ebbinghaus relearning studies with nonsense syllables indicates that _____
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The greatest amount of forgetting occurs rather quickly and then it levels off
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In the loft us and Palmer experiment participants were shown a film of a traffic accident and then later tested for their memory of it. The finding that memory differed based upon the specific words used in that test questions illustrated
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Misinformation effect
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The results for experiment in which word lists were studied either on land or underwater provide evidence for ____
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Encoding interference
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Hearing loss created by damage to one of the structures in the ear responsible for mechanically conducting the auditory Information to the inner ear
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Conduction deafness
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Reinforcement in which an appetitive stimulus is presented
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Positive reinforcement
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A stimulus that is innately reinforcing
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Primary reinforcer
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The application of classical and operant conditioning principles to eliminate undesirable behavior and to teach more desirable behavior
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Behavior modification
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Light sensitive layer of the eye that is composed of three layers of cells
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Retina
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Explicit memory for personal experiences
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Episodic memory
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Visual problem in which the light waves from nearby objects come into focus behind the retina
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Farsightedness
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Memory stage with a small capacity and brief duration that we are consciously aware of
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Short term memory
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Process of bringing information stored in long term memory into short term memory
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Retrieval
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Memory aid
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Mnemonic
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Inaccurate memory that feels as real as an accurate memory
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False memory
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Distance in one cycle of a wave, from one crest to the next
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Wavelength
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The focusing of light waves from objects to different distances directly on the retina
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Accommodation
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Process by which the rods and cones through internal chemical changes become more and more sensitive to light in dim light conditions
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Dark adaptation
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Receptor cells for hearing
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Hair cells
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Stimulus response pair in which the stimulus automatically elicits the response
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Reflex
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Meaningful unit in a persons memory
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Chunk
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Memory stage in which information is stored for a long period of time and whose capacity is essentially unlimited.
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Long term memory
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