Exam 3 Review 2016
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Database
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a collection of information stored on computer disks
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Database software
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application software (like word processing ad spreadsheet software) designed to maintain databases (collections of information)
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Field type
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The Electronic File Cabinet: Database Basics The type of information a field can hold is determined by its:
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Data type or Field Data type
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Field type is sometimes called:
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text or numeric
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data type can be
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data, GPA, account balance
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numeric data type:
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Name, Major, Outstanding Arrest Warrants
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Text data type:
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Form views and list views
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Database programs provide you with more than one way to view data:
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Form views
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show one record at a time
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List Views
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displays several records in lists similar to the way a spreadsheet displays data
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record
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The Electronic File Cabinet: Database Basics the information relating to one person, product, or event
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field
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each discrete piece of information in a record is a ___
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SQL
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Most modern database management programs support a standard language for programming complex queries called
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Structured Query Language
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What does SQL stand for?
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SQL
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-Available for many database management systems -Programmers and sophisticated users don't need to learn new languages when they work with new systems -Graphical user interfaces allow point-and-click queries ---Insulates users from the complexities of the query language
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data mining
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The discovery and extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases is:
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statistical methods and artificial intelligence technology
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Data mining uses
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trends and patterns in data that would have been overlooked by normal database queries
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Statistical methods and artificial intelligence technology locates:
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4
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What amendment in the constitution of the US states that The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
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computer network
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any system of two or more computers that are linked together
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reducing costs; increasing efficiency and production; work together
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How is networking important? -People share computer hardware, thus ____ ____ -People share data and software programs, thus ____ ____ ____ ____ -People ____ ____ in ways that are otherwise difficult or impossible
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local area network (LAN)
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computers are physically close to each other, usually in the same building
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wireless network
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In a ____ ____each node has a tiny radio (or, less commonly, infrared) transmitter connected to its network port
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Sends and receives data through the air
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A wireless network ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ rather than through cables
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building or cluster of buildings
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In a wireless network, Computers are linked within a
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individual node on the network
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In a wireless network, each computer and peripheral is an
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LANs and WANs
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Communication frequently happens between
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Bandwidth
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the quantity of information that can pass through a communications medium in a given amount of time
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Bridges and gateways
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hardware devices that can pass messages between networks
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obey different software protocols
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Bridges and gateways often translate messages so they can be understood by networks that
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Router
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hardware devices or software programs that route messages as they travel between networks
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Mesh networks
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an alternative to traditional networks, creates individual nodes for communication.
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small, temporary communication systems
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Mesh networks are used to set up:
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emergency personnel use at fire scenes to coordinate actions
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What's an example of a mesh network?
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Broadband connection
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a connection with much greater bandwidth than modems have
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DSL
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uses standard phone lines and is provided by phone companies in many areas
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cable television networks in many areas
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Cable modems provide fast network connections through
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radio waves
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High-speed wireless connections can connect computers to networks using ____ ____ rather than wires
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Satellite dishes
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can deliver fast computer network connections as well as television programs
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fiber optic cables
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DSL and cable modems have nowhere near the bandwidth of the:
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fiber optic cables
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replacing copper wires in the worldwide telephone network
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rapidly and reliably transmit masses of multimedia data at the same time that it's handling voice messages
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A fiber optic network can
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Voice mail
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a messaging system with the ability to store, organize, and forward messages; An example of a growing trend toward computer telephony integration (CTI)
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computer telephony integration (CTI)
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the linking of computers and telephones to gain productivity
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computer telephony integration
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What does CTI stand for?
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Voice Over Internet Protocol
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What does VOIP stand for?
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VOIP
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Sending voice signals through the Internet, bypassing the phone companies (and their charges) altogether
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wiretapping
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VOIP is not as legally secure against
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Private browsing
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available on most web browsers, disables your browser history to keep it private from others with access to that computer This does NOT delete any records kept by other networks you are connected to
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TOR Browser
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much more private browsing, connects to an anonymizing network that doesn't reveal your true IP address to any site you connect to -Can be slow, is not completely invulnerable to dedicated investigation
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An IP address
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is not a person
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additional verification
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If a legal offense is tied to a particular IP address, ____ ____ is necessary to prove what person committed that offense
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Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork
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What does ARPANET stand for?
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ARPANET
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the predecessor to the Internet
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visionary computer scientists
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The Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork (ARPANET) is the predecessor to the Internet: Developed at the request of the Department of Defense by a team of
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1969
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When was ARPANET launched?
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peer-to-peer networking philosophy and protocols
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The Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork (ARPANET) is the predecessor to the Internet: Its ________ ____ ____ ____ ____ were copied in other networks in the 1980s
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1990
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The Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork (ARPANET) is the predecessor to the Internet: Disbanded in 1990, having fulfilled its research mission, but its technology spawned the Internet
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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
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TCP/IP
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TCP/IP
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Allows cross-network communication At the heart of the Internet
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TCP
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breaks messages into packets
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travel from network to network
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Each message TCP breaks into packets has all the information needed to
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routers
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TCP breaks messages into packets -host system called ____ determine how to route transmissions
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IP
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the address for the packets
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unique IP address
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Each Internet host computer has a
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four; 0 and 255
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Each address is comprised of ____ sets of numbers between __ ____ __ separated by periods, such as 128.114.113.19
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DNS
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The host is named using
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domain name system
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What does DNS stand for?
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DNS
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translates IP addresses into a string of names
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Internet addresses
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Has led to legal fights over rights to certain domain names
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Cyber-squatting
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grabbing domain names to resell later
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educational sites
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Top-level domains include: .edu
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commercial sites
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Top-level domains include: .com
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government sites
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Top-level domains include: .gov
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military sites
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Top-level domains include: .mil
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nonprofit organizations
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Top-level domains include: .org
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pull technology
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The Web was built with ____ ____ -Browsers on client computers "pull" information from server machines -Browser asks for information
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push technology
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information is delivered automatically to the client computer -New product descriptions -Automatic software upgrades -Updated news
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RSS Feeds
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-Open standard for subscription feeds -Instead of regularly visiting a dozen web pages. Look for the Feed Icon: -Google Reader abandoned July 1, 2013 -Feedly still works
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Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Computing
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Users share music, movies, and other files without going through a central directory
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Grid Computing
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Anyone can plug in from anywhere and rent processing power and software from anywhere on the Net Example: SETI@Home, Folding@Home
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Spoofing
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Common types of computer crime: presenting a false identity to trick others into divulging passwords and other private information
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Identity theft
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Common types of computer crime: the use of computers and other tools to steal whole identities
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Phishing
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Common types of computer crime: users "fish" for sensitive information under false pretenses Take this online quiz! What's your birthday? Your mother's maiden name?
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Online fraud
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Common types of computer crime: -Most related to online auctions - while auctions are statistically safe, check user feedback -Also, spam-based work-at-home schemes - selling "business opportunities" that cost money to get involved in
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Malware
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malicious software, or any type of intentionally invasive, unwanted software.
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Trojan horse
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Malware can include: ____ ____ performs a useful task while also running undesired, unrequested, or actively harmful routines
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Virus
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Malware can include: -spreads by making copies of itself from program to program or disk to disk -Can corrupt data, damage systems, spread malware/spyware - or often do nothing at all, created only as an intellectual challenge. --Examples: Macro viruses and email viruses
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Antivirus
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____ programs are designed to search for viruses, notify users when they're found, and remove them from infected disks or files
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McAfee, Norton Anti-Virus
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Common commercial software:
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Commercial anti-virus software
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tends to be bloated, consuming unnecessary system resources. Can be very hard to completely uninstall.
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Recommended Freeware anti-virus
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AVG Free, Avast!, MS Security Essentials (Windows 7), or MS Defender (Windows 8)
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Malwarebytes
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Good all-purpose scanning program
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ransomware
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Beware of ____ or any anti-virus program suggested via pop-up ad
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combat new viruses as they appear
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Programs need to be frequently revised to:
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Spyware
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is technology that collects information from computer users without their knowledge or consent
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Tracking software or Spybot
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Spyware is also called
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Internet
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Spyware information is gathered and shared with outsiders via ___ -Your keystrokes could be monitored -Web sites which you visit are recorded -Snapshots of your screen are taken -Cause pop-ups to appear
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61%; drive-by downloads
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____% of PC users have spyware on their computers -In _______ ____ just visiting a Web site can cause a download (Mozilla Firefox is somewhat more secure than Internet Explorer)
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Hacker
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____ (or cracker) refers to people who break into computer systems
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Webjackers
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____ hijack Web pages and redirect users to other sites
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Denial of Service (DOS) attacks
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____________ bombard servers and Web sites with traffic that shuts down networks
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Token ID; smart card
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Depending on the security system, you might be granted access to a computer based on: _____-- Something you have A key, an ID card with a photo, or a ____ ____ containing digitally encoded identification in a built-in memory chip
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smart card
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contains digitally encoded identification in a built-in memory chip
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Passcode ID
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Depending on the security system, you might be granted access to a computer based on: ______:- Something you know A password, an ID number, a lock combination, or a piece of personal history, such as your mother's maiden name
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Signature ID
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Depending on the security system, you might be granted access to a computer based on: - Something you do Your signature or your typing speed and error patterns
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Biometric ID
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Depending on the security system, you might be granted access to a computer based on: ___: Something about you
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biometrics
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Biometric ID - something about you A voice print, fingerprint, retinal scan, facial feature scan, or other measurement of individual body characteristics; these measurements are collectively called _____
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passwords
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most common tool for restricting access to a computer system effective ___: -Not real words -Not names -Changed frequently -Kept secret -A combination of letters and numbers -Not shared across multiple accounts
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dictionary attack
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Choosing a real word or name for your password leaves it susceptible to a
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dictionary attack
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a comparison of your password to every word in the dictionary, which can be accomplished quickly
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Keyloggers
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Beware of _____ - usually running on other people's computers Keyloggers log all keystrokes -Often USB devices placed between external keyboards and desktop computers. -Keylogger hardware often can't be detected by software
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encryption software
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Making a message secure from outsiders requires
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key
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Encryption software scrambles the sent message using a
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different key
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A ____ ____ is needed to unscramble the received message
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creates, encrypts, and sends
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the sender __________________ the message
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transmitted through the network
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the encrypted message is
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received and decrypted
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After the sender creates, encrptys, and send the message, the encrypted message id transmitted through the network. Then, the message is ___________________.
