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memory

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an active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage

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Encoding

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The first process in the memory system is to get sensory information (sight, sound, etc.) into a form that the brain can use

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Storage

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to hold on to the information for some period of time

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Retrieval

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getting the information they know they have out of storage

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Information-processing model

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focuses on the way information is handled, or processed, through three different systems of memory. Includes encoding, storage, and retrieval.

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Parallel distributed processing model

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derived from work in the development of artificial intelligence. Also related to connectionism

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levels of processing model

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assumes information that is more "deeply processed," or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time.

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Sensory memory

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the first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems—eyes, ears, and so on

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Iconic

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visual sensory memory

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Ecohic

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brief memory of something a person has heard

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George Sperling

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studied Iconic memory

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Eidetic imagery

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ability to access a visual sensory memory over a long period of time.

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Masking

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information that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information

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Short term memory

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If an incoming sensory message is important enough to enter consciousness, that message will move from sensory memory to the next stage of memory which is held for 12-30 seconds without rehearsal

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Selective attention

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ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input. Broadbent

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cocktail-party-effect

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If you've ever been at a party where there's a lot of noise and several conversations going on in the background but you are still able to notice when someone says your name, you have experienced

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Working memory

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an active system that processes the information present in short-term memory

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George Miller

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wanted to know how much information humans can hold in short-term memory at any one time

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Chunking

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This process of recoding or reorganizing the information

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Maintenance Rehearsal

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saying something they want to remember over and over again in their heads can help them remember it longer

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Long term memory

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the system into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.

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Elaborative Rehearsal

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a way of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way

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Nondeclarative (implicit)

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Long term Memories for things that people know how to do. (procedural)

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Declarative (Explicit)

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Long term memories about all the things that people can know—the facts and information that make up knowledge.

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Semantic Memory

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Kind of declarative memory learned from school (facts, etc)

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Episodic Memory

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Declarative memories that represent episodes from our lives.

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Semantic Network Model

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suggests that information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion with related concepts physically close to each other

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Retrieval

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process of pulling out memories from LTM

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Retrieval Cue

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stimulus that aids in the process of remembering

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Encoding Specificity

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the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if retrieval conditions are similar to the conditions under which the information was encoded

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Recall

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memories are retrieved with few or no external cues, such as filling in the blanks on an application form

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Recognition

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involves looking at or hearing information and matching it to what is already in memory.

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Serial Position Effect

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information at the beginning and end of a list is more likely to be remembered than the information in the middle.

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Primacy Effect

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the fact that the first few words, when the listener has nothing already in STM to interfere with their rehearsal, will receive far more rehearsal time than the words in the middle,

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Recency Effect

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the last word or two was just heard and is still in short-term memory for easy retrieval,

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False positive

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occurs when someone recognizes a piece of information as a memory even though it did not happen

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Elizabeth Loftus

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Her focus has been on the accuracy of recall of memories—or rather, the inaccuracies of memory retrieval. SHe showed this through the 8 demonstrators showed in a video and placed 4 and 12 in the questionnaires.

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Automatic Encoding

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to describe the memory process when we aren't actively paying attention to the information

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Flashbulb memory

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a specific type of automatic encoding that occurs when an unexpected and often emotional event occurs.

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Constructive Processing

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In this view, memories are literally "built," or reconstructed, from the information stored away during encoding.

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Misinformation Effect

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false information presented after an event influences the memory of that event.

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Hindsight Bias

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This tendency of people to falsely believe that they would have accurately predicted an outcome without having been told about it in advance

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false memory syndrome

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the creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis

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brad Williams

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Human Google

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Jill Price

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Woman who remembers all the details of her life

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Hermann Ebbinghaus

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One of the first researchers to study forgetting

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Curve of forgetting

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This graph clearly shows that forgetting happens quickly within the first hour after learning the lists and then tapers off gradually

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Distributed Practice

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spacing out one's study sessions will produce a better retrieval of information

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Encoding Failure

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the failure to process sensory information into memory

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Memory Trace

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some physical change in the brain, perhaps in a neuron or in the activity between neurons, which occurs when a memory is formed

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Decay

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if memory traces are not used, they will fade

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Disuse

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if information in LTM are not used, they will fade.

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Proactive interference

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occurs when information from the past disrupts newly learned information.

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Retroactive interference

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Occurs when the newly learned information interferes with the memories of the past

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Consolidation

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This alteration and the other changes that take place as a memory is forming are called ____.

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H.M.

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a man who was experimented on to prove the function of the hippocampus.

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Retrograde Amnesia

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loss of memory from the point of injury backwards

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ECT

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used to treat severe depression

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Anterograde Amnesia

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loss of memories from the point of injury or illness forward

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Alzheimer's disease

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the primary memory problem, at least in the beginning, is anterograde amnesia. Memory loss may be rather mild at first but becomes more severe over time, causing the person to become more and more forgetful about everyday tasks.

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Infantile Amnesia

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The type of memory that exists in the first few years of life, when a child is still considered an infant. Memories in these times tend to be implicit and is harder to bring to consciousness.

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Autobiographical Memory

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memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story.

Chapter 6: Memory Test Questions

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