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_____ make up nucleic acids, which consist of long chains (polymers) of chemical units (monomers). These are the building blocks of DNA/RNA. Contain 1 acidic phosphate group, 1 basic nitrogenous base, and 1 sugar.

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nucleotides

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In the 1950s, this persons generated X-ray crystallography of DNA provided Watson and Crick with some key data about the structure of DNA.

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rosalind franklin

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The discoverers of the Double Helix of DNA. Double stranded, complementary strands, base pair bonding rule, anti-parallel.

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watson and crick model

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The discoverers of the Double Helix of DNA. Double stranded, complementary strands, base pair bonding rule, anti-parallel.

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watson and crick model

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_______ is the process of producing two identical copies from one original DNA molecule. This biological process occurs in all living organisms and is the basis for biological inheritance. Happens in nucleus. ______ is when enzymes link the nucleotides to form the new DNA strands. The completed new molecules, identical to parental molecule, are known as daughter DNA molecules.

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dna replication

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The normal process of DNA synthesis, in which the two original strands of the molecule separate, and each acts as a template on which a new complementary strand is laid down. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides.

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semiconservative replication

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A DNA __________ occurs during the replication process. As the double stranded DNA (dsDNA) is unwound, a _________ forms. At the _________, a replication complex forms, and the DNA replicates in both directions, causing a replication fork. These merge to separate the strands completely into two completed double-stranded daughter DNA molecules.

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replication bubble

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_______ is the enzyme responsible for DNA replication. _______ is an enzyme that makes covalent bonds between the nucleotides of a new DNA strand. Has proofreading ability - mistakes happen, but rarely.

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DNA polymerase

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A repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate. What connects nucleotides to one another in DNA.

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sugar phosphate backbone

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_________ make one nucleotide different from another in DNA (or RNA) sequences.

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nitrogenous bases

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single-ring structure (T), a nucleotide base

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thymine

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single-ring structure (C), a nucleotide base

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cytosine

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larger, double-ring structure (A), a nucleotide base

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adenine

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larger, double-ring structure (G), a nucleotide base

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guanine

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larger, double-ring structure (U), a nucleotide base, only used in RNA, used instead of T

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uracil

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Whats the relationship between A, G, T, and C nucleotides? Which is complementary to which?

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A-T, G-C

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where DNA replication begins at specific sites on a double helix, grow to become replication bubbles

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origins of replication

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the genetic constitution of an individual organism, the sequence of nucleotide bases in its DNA

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genotype

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the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment, arises from the actions of a wide variety of proteins

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phenotype

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________ is the flow between RNA, DNA, and nucleic acids (proteins).

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DNA-;RNA-;proteins

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DNA-;mRNA. It is the process of transcribing or making a copy of genetic information stored in a DNA strand into a complementary strand of RNA (messenger RNA or mRNA) with the aid of RNA polymerases. Happens in nucleus.

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transcription

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mRNA-;proteins. A step in protein biosynthesis wherein the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The process follows transcription in which the DNA sequence is copied (or transcribed) into an mRNA. Happens in cytoplasm/RER; needs ribosomes.

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translation

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______s function is to dictate the production of a polypeptide. Made of thousands of nucleotides and a single DNA molecule may contain thousands of _______. How DNA expresses itself. section of a gene, made of base pairs, part of chromosome that codes for a particular protein or serves a certain function

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gene

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_____ is a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

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codon

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Molecular interpreter. Involved in protein synthesis, i.e. transporting specific amino acid to the ribosome to be added onto the growing polypeptide chain. Transfer RNA. Have top called amino acid attachment site and bottom called anticodon.

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tRNA

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A long stretch of (about ten to 200 or more) adenine nucleotides added to the "tail" or 3 end of the pre-mRNA via the process called polyadenylation catalyzed by the enzyme, polyadenylate polymerase (PAP).

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3 poly-A tail

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opposite end of 3 poly-A tail

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5 guanine cap

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not needed for transcription, noncoding regions

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introns

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are needed for transcription, coding regions, parts of a gene that are expressed

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exons

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specific variant of a gene

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allele

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______ is a sequence of 3 nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

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anticodon

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A ______ is any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin. What a double helix wraps around!

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histone

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_______ is the tightly-packed DNA material in the nucleus before cell division. It carries genetic information in the form of genes. It is made of chromatin.

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chromosome

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_______ is the loose DNA material in the nucleus. Its the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.

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chromatin

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_______ are the two strands joined together by a single centromere, formed from the duplication of the chromosome during the early stages of cell division and then separate to become individual chromosomes during the late stages of cell division.

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chromatids

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______ is a site in a DNA molecule at which RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to initiate transcription of mRNA.

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promoter

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Before the RNA leaves the nucleus, the introns are removed, and the exons are joined to produce an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence.

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RNA splicing

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start codon and methionine for translation

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AUG

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In Transcription: promoter signals to "start transcribing", RNA polymerase starts there In Translation mRNA binds to small subunit of a ribosome, first tRNA binds to P site of ribosome and contains the anticodons for "start" codon, large subunit binds and ready to elongate

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initiation

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In Transcription: RNA peels away from its DNA template In Translation amino acid added one-by-one because tRNA anticodon recognize the codon of mRNA

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elongation

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In Transcription: terminator signals the end of the gene and stops transcription In Translation when a "stop" codon is reached, it does not code for an amino acid but stops translation

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termination

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Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. A permanent, heritable change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene or a chromosome; the process in which such a change occurs in a gene or in a chromosome. Substitution, deletion, or insertion

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mutation

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A type of mutation involving replacement or substitution of a single nucleotide base with another in DNA or RNA molecule.

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base pair substitution

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when no problem arises, does nothing to animo acid, protein unchanged

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silent

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sometimes helps protein, sometimes hurts its function; depends

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missense

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when codon becomes a stop codon, harmful but not all the time

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nonsense

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insertion or deletion of a base, everything shifts over codon-wise

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frameshift

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no mutation-causing agents involved

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spontaneous

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agent that directly or indirectly causes a mutation, examples: chemicals, cigarette smoke, carcinogens

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mutagen

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stop codons that terminate translation

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UAA UAG UGA

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_______ is a transcriptase: the enzyme that copies DNA into RNA. Involved in Transcription.

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RNA polymerase

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A ______ causes RNA polymerase to stop transcription. Signals end of gene.

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terminator

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_____ is made in Transcription and goes to Translation.

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mRNA

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addition of extra nucleotides to the ends of the RNA transcript. These additions 1) protect RNA from attack by cellular enzymes and 2) help ribosomes recognize RNA as mRNA.

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cap and tail

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The 2 subunits of a ribosome are made of this+proteins.

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rRNA

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1 of the tRNA binding sites that holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain.

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P site

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1 of the tRNA binding sites that holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to added to the chain.

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A site

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