Psychology of Women
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Psychologists have typically focused on men's experiences when they study topics such as achievement and retirement
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According to the information at the beginning of Chapter 1
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Gender refers to psychological characteristics, whereas sex emphasizes biological characteristics
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Your textbook discusses the diffeerenvee between the words sex and gender. Which of the following differences is correct?
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When a female student meets a male student, she may smile and act very interested in him; this is an example of "doing gender"
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Suppose that you are trying to explain the phrase "doing gender" to a high school student. Which of the following statements would be most accurate?
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Your next door neighbor is saving money for his son to go to college, but he doesn't think that females should pursue higher education
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Example of Sexism
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classism
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Chris is respectful towards his female professors, but he often speaks rudely to the female secretaries at his college. Chris is most clearly demonstrating
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Andrew: "Understanding the psychology of women requires an examination of a number of social biases including sexism, racism, classism, heterosexism, and ageism."
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Which of the following students best describes the role of social biases in the psychology of women?
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a feminist has a high regard for women and believes that both genders should be treated similarly
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According to the definition given in your textbook
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emphasize the importance of positive personality attributes that are typically associated with women, rather than men
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A feminist psychologist who emphasizes the differences perspective on gender is likely to
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The interest in psychology of women was partly stimulated by the interest in feminism on college campuses
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Which statement is correct about the field of psychology of women?
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One reason that research in psychology of women is challenging is that women's and men's lives today are different than they were in previous decades
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Which of the following statements is the best summary of the current status of research in the psychology of women?
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Scott: "The 'White-as-normative' idea means that white is considered to be the standard in our culture to which other ethnic groups are compared"
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Most accurate summary of the "white-as normative" concept
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this ethnic group is currently the second largest in the US
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The discussion of Latinas and Latinos in your textbook points out that
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people belong to many social categories, so a low-income black woman may have different experiences from a low-income white woman
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The concept called "intersectionality" means that
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how researchers measure the relevant variables
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Your textbook discussed research methods in the area of psychology of women. According to this discussion, the term "operational definition" describes
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researchers' stereotypes may influence the way that the participants respond
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Researcher expectancy is a problem because
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Women artists usually expressed themselves in art forms that were less durable and long lasting than mens art forms
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Which of the following statements is correct about gender bias in history?
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the theory suggests that society's problems can be solved by changing individuals
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One of the problems with the concept of androgyny is that
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Terms used for women are more likely to be negative, compared to terms for men
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Terms used for women and men differ in which of the following respects
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Women are more likely than men to be shown in a reclining body position
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In what way are women and men represented differently in the media
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Intersectionality
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Suppose you are reading a journal article about gender and social class. The author of this article emphasizes that the experiences of a wealthy woman are veery different from the experiences of a low-income women, even though both of them are female. This author is emphasizing the concept called
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people use automatically but are not aware they have
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The best example of an "implicit gender stereotype that
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Feminists are not as nice as other women
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According to current research, people typically think that
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In some states, state laws do not prohibit employment discrimination against people because of their sexual orientation
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Which of the following is an example of institutional heterosexism?
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People tend to split the world into two categories on the basis of a person's gender
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According to the social cognitive approach to stereotypes
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females are likely to have their successes attributed to hard work
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One possible practical consequence of peoples's attributions for women's and men's performances is that
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gender stereotype
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Imagine that your uncle believes men are better drivers than women. This would be an example of
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bias
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Which of the following four terms - discussed in chapter 2- is the most general?
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The female member of a pair of words often has a more negative connotation than the male member of the pair
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When we examine the representation of women in language, what can we conclude about terms used for women and men?
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women of color tend to be misrepresented as either "good girls" or "bad girls"
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According to the discussion of women of color and the media,
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men have more negative attitudes towards lesbians and gay males than women do
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According to the research on heterosexism
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use a statistical method to integrate the results from the appropriate studies in that area
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Suppose you read a psychology article, and the introduction informs you that the article will use a meta-analysis to review the research in a particular field. You would expect that the authors of the article will
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Men and women give similar explanations for their success on a task
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After considering the research about gender comparisons in motivation, which off he following statements is most accurate
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females and males are similar in their ability to solve complex problems
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The research on complex cognitive tasks shows that
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With some consistency, girls receive higher grades
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What can we conclude about the grades that males and females receive in mathematics courses?
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spatial ability
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In which of the following cognitive skills are statistically significant gender differences likely to be found?
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the gender difference could be accounted for by a small number of females with very slow rotation times
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Your text describes Favreau's re-analysis of data on gender differences in mental rotation. When Favreau examined the distributions of scores for males and females, she noticed
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some of the gender differences can be explained by the fact that males have more math-related experiences outside school
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What can we conclude about explanations for the gender differences in mathematics ability?
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achievement motivation
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A person who enjoys accomplishing tasks very competently is high in
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No major gender differences in self-confidence appear when the task is described as being one that "women are good at"
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What can we conclude about self confidence on achievement tasks
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women were more responsive to the feedback than men were
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Chapter 5 described a study in which bank employees received either positive or negative comments from a superior. The results of this stud showed thatt
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this gender difference cannot fully explain why women in engineering are relatively rare
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As the section on cognitive abilities notes, about 7% of males and 3% of females may have spatial ability scores in the top 5% of the population. One implication that we can draw from this information is that
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Saundra: "Men tend to remember material better if it is generally associated with male interest areas; women tend to remember material better if it is generally associated with female interest areas."
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Which of the following students provides the most accurate conclusion
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spatial ability
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In which of the following cognitive skills are statistically significant gender differences most likely to be found?
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Research has not supported a genetic explanation for gender differences.
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Chapter 5 discusses some biological explanations that have been proposed to account for gender differences in cognitive ability. Which of the following statements is correct about these explanations?
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Males would be somewhat more likely to attribute their success to high ability.
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Suppose that college students are asked to state out loud in a group why they think that they did so well on the last exam in organic chemistry. What might you expect to find with respect to gender comparisons?
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psychologists have typically focused on men's experiences when they study topics such as achievement and retirement.
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According to the information at the beginning of Chapter 1,
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One reason that research in psychology of women is challenging is that women's and men's lives today are different than they were in previous decades.
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Which of the following statements is the best summary of the current status of research in the psychology of women?
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Scott: "The 'White-as-normative' idea means that White is considered to be the standard in our culture to which other ethnic groups are compared."
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Which of the following students has the most accurate summary of the "White-as normative" concept?
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this ethnic group is currently the second largest in the United States.
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The discussion of Latinas and Latinos in your textbook points out that
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people belong to many social categories, so a low-income Black woman may have different experiences from a low-income White woman
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The concept called "intersectionality" means that
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how researchers measure the relevant variables.
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our textbook discussed research methods in the area of psychology of women. According to this discussion, the term "operational definition" describes
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there is generally a correlation between television viewing and gender stereotyping
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Studies on television viewing and gender stereotyping show that
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video games tend to be aimed at boys, and they typically encourage boys to develop computer skills.
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Researchers have examined television programs and videogames that are aimed at children. This research shows that
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even today, children's books often show boys solving problems and being active, whereas girls are more passive.
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Studies of children's books show that
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recognize that males and females belong to different categories.
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Alex is only 6 months old. According to the research on children's knowledge about gender, Alex is likely to
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know which toys the boys are "supposed to" like, and choose gender-consistent activities himself.
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You are playing with your 5-year-old nephew Matthew. According to the research on children's stereotypes about gender, Matthew is most likely to
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Suppose you are teaching 4-year-olds in a preschool program. The children in your class are likely to believe, with respect to occupations, that
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Suppose you are teaching 4-year-olds in a preschool program. The children in your class are likely to believe, with respect to occupations, that
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kindergartners tend to believe that males are more aggressive than females.
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Research on children's stereotypes about gender shows that
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menarche
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Lynda has just had her first menstrual period. The technical term for this beginning of menstruation is
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Hormones regulate the development of the follicles and the lining of the uterus.
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What role do hormones play in the menstrual cycle?
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painful cramps in the abdominal region, as well as other pain accompanying menstruation.
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Dysmenorrhea is
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women who are above-average in anxiety are also likely to be above-average in menstrual pain.
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According to the discussion of menstrual pain, there is a correlation between a woman's anxiety level and the degree of menstrual pain. Based on this statement, we can conclude that
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many studies find no clear-cut evidence for mood swings.
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Chapter 4 features a discussion about the issue of mood swings during the menstrual cycle. This discussion pointed out that
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women who completed the Menstrual Joy Questionnaire were later more likely to report feelings of well-being and excitement as symptoms of menstruation.
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Research has been conducted using the Menstrual Joy Questionnaire, followed by several traditional menstrual symptoms checklists. This research has found that
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concern about body appearance can lead to eating disorders in young women.
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According to the research on body image and the physical self-concepts of adolescents,
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Gender differences in self-esteem are inconsistent; the differences depend on age, ethnicity, and social class.
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Which of the following statements best summarizes the research on self-esteem?
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the psychology research tends to focus on topics such as teen pregnancy and unwanted pregnancies.
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According to the introduction of the chapter on pregnancy, childbirth, and motherhood,
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is an organ that helps to provide the embryo with oxygen and nutrients.
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The placenta
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a feeling of transition into adulthood.
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A common emotional reaction to pregnancy is
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a combination of physical, social, and cultural factors.
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Women's emotional reaction to pregnancy seems primarily to depend on
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be likely to touch her stomach and give plenty of uninvited advice.
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Imagine that you are at a party at a friend's home, and you see a pregnant woman in one of the rooms. Based on the information in the section on attitudes toward pregnant women, you would expect to find that people would
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female and male employees are both likely to avoid hiring a pregnant job applicant
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According to the US research about women's employment during pregnancy,
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women who are overly thin are at risk for a preterm birth.
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The discussion of preterm births pointed out that
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some women have extremely positive emotions, but some women have extremely negative emotions.
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According to the discussion of emotional reactions to childbirth,
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a woman experiences complete fulfillment when she becomes a mother.
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According to the stereotypes about motherhood,
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in some countries in Africa, more than 10% of infants die before their first birthday.
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The discussion of motherhood examines infant mortality rates for several countries. According to these data,
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Grandmothers and other relatives are more likely to assume some child care responsibilities in the Black community.
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What is one typical difference between the motherhood experiences of Black women and White women?
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they are similar to children raised in heterosexual households in both psychological health and feelings about their families.
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Studies of children raised in lesbian households find that
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are experienced by about half of women who have recently given birth.
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In the United States and Canada, postpartum blues
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there is often a "no win" dilemma about whether mothers should work outside the home.
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According to the research on attitudes toward maternal employment
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infertility may cause distress and anxiety to couples.
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Research on infertility indicates that
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among people over the age of 65 in the United States, there are roughly 40% more women than men.
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The chapter on older adulthood points out that
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this term can be applied when elderly people are treated with less respect than younger people.
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According to your textbook's definition of "ageism,"
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if younger people are ageist, they will avoid elderly people, and so they won't realize that many stereotypes are incorrect.
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According to the discussion of attitudes about elderly people, a basic issue is that
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The ovaries no longer produce the same amount of hormones
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What causes menopause?
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supports the idea that older women are invisible and perceived as powerless, whereas younger women are successful.
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A new product is being advertised on television. The woman in the commercial is unnoticed at work, except when she is introduced to a new employee as "an old veteran in the office." She tries "Fountain of Youth" skin cream and is soon known by everyone as a "young star" in the company. The commercial is guilty of ageism because it
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most elderly Black and Latina women do not have a private pension plan.
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According to the discussion of financial issues and elderly women,
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Women are two to three times as likely to miss work because of illness.
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Your text presented a number of reasons that women have lower incomes than men during old age. Which of the following is not one of those reasons?
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Women who find themselves with many competing obligations to their children and their parents
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What does the term sandwich generation refer to?
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Daughters are much more likely than sons to be caretakers for elderly parents.
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Which of the following statements is true concerning adult children's care of elderly parents?
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Some women are very upset when their children leave home, whereas others are quite pleased; women show a wide range of variation in their responses.
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Research concerning the empty-nest syndrome supports which major theme of the book?
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elderly women are typically satisfied with their lives.
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The research on satisfaction with life shows that
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may experience more problems with retirement than men do.
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Studies on retired women show that these women
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have a sensation that heat is coming from within the body.
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A woman who has entered menopause is most likely to
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women are likely to have more trouble adjusting to widowhood if they had been happily married
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According to the studies about widowhood and bereavement,
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lesbians whose life partner has died often report that they would appreciate the kind of social support that a widowed heterosexual woman receives.
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According to the information about the death of an intimate partner,
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the gender differences are small, but some studies show that men talk and interrupt more than women do
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Studies on men and women in conversation indicate that
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keep their arms further from their body.
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According to the research on body posture, males are more likely than females to
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children are reinforced for gender-appropriate nonverbal behavior and punished for gender-inappropriate nonverbal behavior.
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According to the social learning explanation of gender differences in communication,
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responses to a questionnaire about emotional reactions to the movie
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Several college students are watching a movie about a teenager whose mother had died. Which measures of empathy would be likely to reveal the largest gender differences?
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both female friends and male friends are most likely to get together to "just talk."
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The section on gender comparisons in friendship stated that
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tend to be somewhat larger when measuring unprovoked aggression
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The gender differences in aggression
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If they act in a competent manner—therefore living up to their own standards—they may not persuade men.
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Why do competent women find themselves in a double bind with respect to persuasion?
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when other people are present.
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According to the material in Chapter 6, the gender differences in social interactions are largest
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two men sitting close to each other
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From what you know about gender differences in the use of personal space, which of the following would you be least likely to see?
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women's smiles to men encourage the men to act more competently.
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Research on smiling patterns suggests that
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the ability to figure out another person's emotions from his or her nonverbal behavior.
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According to the chapter on social gender comparisons, decoding ability is
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we create our versions of reality, based on our gender-related interactions and experiences in the world.
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According to the social constructionist approach to gender,
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it explains that we have traditionally interpreted aggression as a male characteristic.
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The constructionist approach is relevant to gender comparisons in aggression because
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most of the research shows gender similarities in moral judgments when women and men face similar moral decisions.
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According to the summary of research about moral judgments,
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males are more likely than females to think that they would be good leaders.
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According to the research on leadership,
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men and women choose many of the same characteristics for an ideal marriage partner.
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According to the discussion in Chapter 8 about ideal partners:
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lesbian women tend to prefer partners who are dependable and have a good personality.
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According to the research about lesbian relationships,
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Pearl: "Some studies show that lesbian couples report fewer conflicts than heterosexual couples."
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Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about people's satisfaction with their love relationship?
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they are typically similar to married women in terms of personal adjustment.
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Studies of single women show that
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single women say that they receive less respect from other people, compared to the way that married women are treated.
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According to the discussion of singlism in Chapter 8
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the majority of women replied that they would remain single.
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Chapter 8 discussed a survey that asked never-married women, "If you couldn't find the perfect mate, would you marry someone else?" The results of this study showed that
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Asian American women are likely to say that they stayed single in order to pursue an advanced education.
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According to the discussion of single women of color,
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Men are more likely than women to emphasize physical attractiveness in a sexual partner.
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Which of the following statements best summarizes the information on dating and attractiveness?
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men are more likely than women to emphasize their ideal partner's physical attractiveness regardless of cultural setting.
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Cross-cultural research on ideal partners indicates that
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most men and women actually say that they plan to have just one sexual partner once they settle down.
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According to your textbook's criticism of the evolutionary-psychology approach to love relationships,
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women experience different social opportunities and social problems than men.
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The social-roles explanation for preferences in love relationships claims that
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number of children
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According to the chapter on love relationships, which of the following characteristics is not listed as an important determinant of marital happiness?
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Fewer than half of Latinos and Latinas believe that marriages should adopt the machismo/marianismo pattern.
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In discussing the marriages of Latinas, your text refers to the concept of marianismo. Which of the following statements is true regarding this concept?
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these couples tend to be fairly egalitarian in their marital style.
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According to the research about African American married couples
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some women find that a divorce actually helps them recognize their own strength.
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Research about reactions to divorce concludes that
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women's orgasms result from clitoral stimulation, either from direct touching or indirect pressure.
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Research on women's sexual experiences indicates that
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cultures differ substantially in their beliefs about the sexual double standard.
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According to research on the sexual double standard,
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young women report that they feel they cannot achieve the physical attractiveness portrayed in the media images.
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The research on media coverage of sexual issues shows that
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men are more likely than women to assume that their partner wants to engage in sexual activity.
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Chapter 9 discusses the communication patterns between a male and a female about sexual activity. According to this research,
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occurs when a woman is not satisfied with her ability to reach orgasm when she is sexually aroused.
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A disorder known as female orgasmic disorder
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rhythm method
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Which of the following birth control methods is least effective in preventing pregnancy?
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parents and educators often avoid discussing sexuality and birth control with teenagers.
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The discussion of birth control pointed out that
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these children were more likely to have psychological disorders and problems with the legal system.
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Chapter 9 discusses the children born to women who had been denied abortion. This research shows that
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presented a neatly ordered sequence of events that doesn't account for the variety of sexual experiences
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Critics of the Masters and Johnson approach to sexual responses emphasize that these two researchers
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the subjective aspects of sexual desire
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Gender differences are largest in which of the following aspects of sexuality?
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most people believe that non-marital intercourse is acceptable if the couple is in a committed relationship.
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According to the discussion of current attitudes toward sexuality in North America,
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biological aspects of sexuality.
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The programs on sexuality offered by school systems usually emphasize
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postpone sexual relationships until they are older.
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The research on comprehensive sex education programs, as opposed to abstinence-only programs, shows that teenagers who participate in these comprehensive programs
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obtaining a representative sample of respondents is difficult.
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An important problem that must be remembered when interpreting the surveys on sexual activities is that
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a woman's age doesn't have a strong influence on her enjoyment of sex.
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Research on older women's sexuality indicates that
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employed women generally show better adjustment
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Research that compares employed women with nonemployed women has demonstrated that
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Carol: "In the past three decades fathers have increased their child-care responsibilities, but mothers still perform between 60% and 90% of child-care tasks."
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Which of the following students best describes the conclusions about parents taking care of children?
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A situation-centered explanation seems to account for the data.
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What did your textbook conclude about the reasons for the small number of women in some occupations?
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Maquiladoras in Latin America are typically run by US corporations.
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Which of the following statements describes the current situation in garment industry sweatshops?
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Kate: "Lesbians still experience access discrimination; even once they have a job, they are sometimes fired if their sexual orientation is discovered."
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Which of the following students best summarizes the experiences of lesbians in the workplace?
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women who want to advance will face many challenges, not just a single challenge.
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Eagly and Carli believe that the labyrinth metaphor is more appropriate than the glass-ceiling metaphor because
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men and women should receive the same pay for different, but comparable, jobs.
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Discussions of gender and work often use the term comparable worth. This terms means that
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lesbian women tend to prefer partners who are dependable and have a good personality.
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According to the research about lesbian relationships,
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Pearl: "Some studies show that lesbian couples report fewer conflicts than heterosexual couples."
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Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about people's satisfaction with their love relationship?
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they are typically similar to married women in terms of personal adjustment.
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Studies of single women show that
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single women say that they receive less respect from other people, compared to the way that married women are treated.
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According to the discussion of singlism in Chapter 8
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the majority of women replied that they would remain single.
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Chapter 8 discussed a survey that asked never-married women, "If you couldn't find the perfect mate, would you marry someone else?" The results of this study showed that
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Asian American women are likely to say that they stayed single in order to pursue an advanced education.
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According to the discussion of single women of color,
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some women find that a divorce actually helps them recognize their own strength.
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Research about reactions to divorce concludes that
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these children were more likely to have psychological disorders and problems with the legal system.
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Chapter 9 discusses the children born to women who had been denied abortion. This research shows that
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parents and educators often avoid discussing sexuality and birth control with teenagers.
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The discussion of birth control pointed out that
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rhythm method
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Which of the following birth control methods is least effective in preventing pregnancy?
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occurs when a woman is not satisfied with her ability to reach orgasm when she is sexually aroused.
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A disorder known as female orgasmic disordee
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men are more likely than women to assume that their partner wants to engage in sexual activity.
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Chapter 9 discusses the communication patterns between a male and a female about sexual activity. According to this research,
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young women report that they feel they cannot achieve the physical attractiveness portrayed in the media images.
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The research on media coverage of sexual issues shows that
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cultures differ substantially in their beliefs about the sexual double standard.
answer
According to research on the sexual double standard,
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women's orgasms result from clitoral stimulation, either from direct touching or indirect pressure
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Research on women's sexual experiences indicates that
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men and women choose many of the same characteristics for an ideal marriage partner.
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According to the discussion in Chapter 8 about ideal partners:
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Men are more likely than women to emphasize physical attractiveness in a sexual partner.
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Which of the following statements best summarizes the information on dating and attractiveness?
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men are more likely than women to emphasize their ideal partner's physical attractiveness regardless of cultural setting.
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Cross-cultural research on ideal partners indicates that
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most men and women actually say that they plan to have just one sexual partner once they settle down.
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According to your textbook's criticism of the evolutionary-psychology approach to love relationships,
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women experience different social opportunities and social problems than men.
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The social-roles explanation for preferences in love relationships claims that
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"Actually, a woman who has sexual intercourse with an HIV-infected man is up to eight times as likely to contract HIV, compared to a man who has sex with an HIV-infected woman."
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Your friend Dion claims that sexually active women in the US and Canada aren't very likely to get AIDS and other STDs. After reading your psychology of women textbook, your best response to Dion would be:
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Erica, a lesbian woman who is in a steady relationship with another woman
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Which of the following women is least likely to get AIDS?
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It is the most common sexually transmitted disease, especially among college women.
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Why is HPV (genital warts) especially important for women in the current decade?
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if a man and a woman who both weigh 150 pounds consume 3 ounces of whiskey, the woman's blood alcohol level will probably be higher.
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According to the information about gender and alcohol,
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White female students are more likely than Black female students to try an illegal drug at some point during their lives.
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Chapter 11 included information about the abuse of substances other than cigarettes and alcohol. According to this discussion,
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encouraging the client to think differently about her body image.
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A cognitive-behavioral approach to anorexia would include
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Make it clear to the client that the therapist knows little about the client's cultural traditions.
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Which of the following is not among the recommendations for therapy with women of color?
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many women of color are suspicious about discussing personal problems with therapists, especially European American therapists.
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According to the discussion of psychotherapy and women of color,
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is not very competent, because she has a low income.
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Suppose that a low-income woman has an appointment with a man who is a psychotherapist. If the psychotherapist believed in the "myth of meritocracy," he would be most likely to think that this client
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women are less likely than men to have insurance that pays for mental-health care.
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In the United States, social class is relevant in discussions of women and psychotherapy because Correct Answer
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In all three kinds of cases, women are left feeling less powerful after the violence
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What is one feature that women have in common who are victims of violence (specifically, rape, abuse, sexual harassment)?
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women in the military have a relatively high rate of sexual harassment.
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Research has been conducted to determine how often sexual harassment occurs, and the data show that
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Make herself familiar with the sexual harassment policies and procedures on campus.
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Rita is going to college this fall. To avoid sexual harassment, which of the following should she do when she arrives at her new school?
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schedule training programs, in which these administrators tell the faculty members why they believe that the problem is so important.
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Suppose that the senior administrators at a university want to send a clear message that their institution will not tolerate sexual harassment. The best strategy would be for them to
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quid pro quo harassment.
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A secretary asks for a raise, and her boss says that he'll think about a raise after they spend an evening together. This example best illustrates