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Chapter 9 Section 1

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The Beginnings of Industrialization

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Industrial Revolution

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The shift beginning in England during the 18th century (middle 1700's) from making goods by hands to making them by machine, and the increased output of machine made goods

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Enclosures

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Fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers, there landowners experimented with more productive seeding methods to boost crop yield

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Benefits of Enclosure Movement

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1) Landowners tried new agricultural methods. 2) Large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to cities.

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Jethro Tull

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One of the first scientific farmers, invented the seed drill around 1701. Allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths.

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Crop Rotation

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The system of growing a different crop (usually a root) in a field each year to preserve fertility of land and soil.

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Robert Bakewell

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Used selective breeding to make livestock bigger.

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Industrialization

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Process of developing machine production of goods which required: - water power and coal to fuel machines -iron ore to construct machines -rivers for transportation -harbors from which merchants ships set sail

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Factors of Production

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Resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required such as land, labor, capital, and wealth

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Factories

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Large buildings in which machinery is used to manufacture goods, built near rivers for waterpower

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Eli Whitney

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In 1793 created cotton gin which sped up the process of removing seeds from cotton

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James Watt and Boulton

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Figured a way to make steam engine work faster and more efficiently

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Entrepreneur

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Person who organizes, manages, and takes on the responsibility and risk of owning a business

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Robert Fulton

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In 1807 built the first steamboat called the Clermont

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John McAdam

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Improved roads in Britain

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George Stephenson

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In 1821 built the first railroad track

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Chapter 9 Section 2

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Industrialization

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Urbanization

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Most of Europe's urban population doubled def: building of cities and movement of people to cities

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Living and Working Conditions

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Had no development of sanitary codes, or building codes. Lacked adequate housing, education, and police protection. Workers spent 14 hours a day at work, for 6 days a week. Working conditions were very dangerous. Average lifespan was 17 for working class people and 38 for people who lived in rural areas.

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Middle Class

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social class made up of skilled workers ,professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers.

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Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution

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Created jobs for workers, contributed to wealth of nation, fostered technological progress and inventions, increased production of goods and raised the standard of living, and provided hope for improvement in people's lives. Created healthier diets, better housing, cheaper mass produced clothing, Laborers won higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.

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The Mills of Manchester

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Children as young as 6 worked in factories. Worked six days a week worked from 6 a.m to 8 p.m. To keep children awake supervisors beat them. Many were killed or injured.

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Chapter 9 Section 3

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Industrialization Spreads

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Industrialization in the United States

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United States possessed the same resources as Britain: fast flowing rivers, rich deposits of coal and iron ore. Industrialization began in the textile industry.

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Samuel Slater

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Built a spinning machine from memory, Moses Brown built the first factory in the U.S. to house Slater's machines.

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Francis Lowell

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Revolutionized the American Textile Industry, Women who worked in the factories worked 12 hours a day, 6 days a week, for decent wages

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Technological Boom

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During last third of the 1800's the boom included a wealth of natural resources, among them oil,coal,and iron: a burst of inventions, increased populations in urban areas.

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Stocks

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certain rights of ownership used to raise money for railroads

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Corporation

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people who bought stocks owned corporations, were able to raise large amounts of capital needed to invest in equipment. def: business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.

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Andrew Carnegie

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founded Carnegie Steel Company

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John Rockefeller

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Founded standard oil

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William Cockerill

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came to Belgium in 1799 with plans to build a spinning machine

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Germany Industrializes

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Built railroads to link growing manufacturer cities,by late 1800's became a military giant and became industrialized.

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Rise of Global Inequality

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widened wealth gap between industrialized and non industrialized countries, industrialized countries required a steady supply of raw materials from less developed countries

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Chapter 9 Section 4

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Reforming the Industrial World

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Laissez Faire

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Letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference

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Adam Smith

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defended idea of free economy or free markets, wrote the book "The Wealth of Nations" which said government should not interfere, had three natural laws of economics: the law of self interest, law of competition, and law of supply and demand

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Capitalism

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Factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make profit

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Thomas Malthus

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argued that population increased more rapidly than food supply, and that without war, famine, and epidemics to kill off people people will be poor and miserable. wrote "Principle of Population"

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David Ricardo

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wrote " Principles of Political Economy and Taxation" believed underclass will always be poor, believed wages should go down as population increases, Smith, Malthus and Ricardo opposed government efforts to help the poor.

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Jeremy Bentham

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Introduced Utilitarianism, believed people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions based on their utility or usefulness

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Utilitarianism

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government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people

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Robert Owen

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Improved working conditions for employees, Prohibited children under 10 from working and provided free schooling

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Socialism

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factors of production are owned by public and operate for welfare of all

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Karl Marx

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introduced world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism; wrote the "Communist Manifesto" believed there were the haves(bourgeoisie) and the have-nots( workers or proletariat)

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Communism

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an economic system in which all means of production-land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses, are owned by people

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Unions

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To press reforms, workers joined together in volutary labor associations

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strike

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Refusal to work

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Specialization

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one area of work you work in

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Jane Addams

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Ran settlement houses fought for women's rights

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Chapter 10 Section 1

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Democratic Reform and Activism

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British Parliament

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Consisted of House of Lords and House of Commons

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suffrage

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the right to vote

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Chartist Movement

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members of the working class demanded reforms in Parliament and in elections

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Queen Victoria

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ruled for 64 years, was very popular with her subjects

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Emeline Pankhurst

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Suffrage for women formed the Women's Social and Political Union

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Third Republic

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established in France after the downfall of Napoleon the 3rd and ended with the German occupation of France during world war 2

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Dreyfus Affair

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a controversy in France during the 1890's centering on the trial and imprisonment of Alfred Dreyfus who was falsely accused of selling military secrets to Germany

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Anti-Semitism

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Prejudice against Jews

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Zionism

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movement founded in 1890 to promote establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

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Chapter 10 Section 2

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Self-Rule for British Colonies

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Dominion

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a nation in the British Empire that is allowed to govern its own domestic affairs

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Maori

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member of Polynesian people who settled in New Zealand

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Aborigines

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native people of Australia

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Penal Colony

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a colony to which convicts are sent

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Home Rule

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control over internal matters granted to the residents of a region by ruling a government

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Irish Republican Army

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an unofficial nationalist military force seeking independence for Ireland from Great Britain

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Chapter 10 Section 3

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War and Expansion in the United States

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Manifest Destiny

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the right and duty of the U.S. to rule North America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

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Emancipation Proclamation

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a declaration issued by Abe Lincoln in 1863 stating that all slaves in the Confederate states were free

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Chapter 10 Section 4

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Nineteenth- Century Progress

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Thomas Edison

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made the first electric lightbulb and phonograph

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Alexander Graham Bell

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Created telephone

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Guglielmo Marconi

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invented the radio

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Henry Ford

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made cars that were cheaper by using the assembly line

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Assembly Line

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workers add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next

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Wilbur and Orville Wright

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designed and flew a flimsy airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

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Germ Theory

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the theory that certain microbes might cause specific infectious diseases

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Louis Pasteur

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French chemist who clearly showed the link between microbes and disease. Developed the vaccines against rabies and anthrax, and discovered pasteurization

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Joseph Lister

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English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics prevented infection

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Charles Darwin

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discovered change through natural selection

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Gregor Mendel

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pattern to the way certain traits are inherited

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John Dalton

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theorized all matter is made of tiny particles called atoms

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Marie and Pierre Curie

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discovered radium and polonium

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Radioactivity

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form of energy released as atoms decay

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Ernest Rutherford

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suggested atoms were made up of smaller particles. discovered nucleus's ant electrons

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Psychology

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study of human mind and behavior

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Ivan Pavlov

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believed human actions were often unconscious reactions to experiences and could be changed by training

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Sigmund Freud

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discovered Psychoanalysis to deal with psychological conflicts

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Mass Culture

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common culture experienced by a large number of people such as music, art and writing

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